schizophrenia Flashcards
(54 cards)
what is the symptom Avolition
- It is a negative symptom
- That is the reduction, difficulty, or inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behaviour, often mistaken for apparent disinterest
what is the symptom of delusions
- It is a positive symptom
- Firmly held erroneous beliefs that are caused by distortions of reasoning or misinterpretations of perceptions or experiences
what is the symptom hallucinations
- It is a positive symptom
- Distortions or exaggerations or perception in any of the senses, most notably auditory hallucinations
what is a negative symptom
appear to reflect a diminution or loss of normal functioning
what is a positive symptom
appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning
what is the symptom speech poverty
- It is a negative symptom
- The lessening of speech fluency and productivity, which reflects slowing or blocked thoughts
what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised speech
catatonic behaviour
what is the symptom of catatonic behaviour
it involves the inability or motivation imitate a task, or complete it once it is started, which leads to difficulties in daily living
what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
speech poverty
avolition
affective flattening
Anhedonia
what is the symptom affective flattening
the reduction in range and intensity of emotional expression including facial expression, voice tone, eye contact and body language.
what is schizophrenia
it is a type of psychosis characterised by a profound disruption of cognition and emotion
what is the main issue with the reliability of diagnosis of schizophrenia
cultural differences
Copeland
Luhrmann
what was the studies supporting the theory of cultural differences effecting the reliability of diagnosis
-research suggests there is significant difference between cultures in diagnosing schizophrenia.
Copeland (1971) gave 134 US and 194 British psychiatrist a description of a patient. 69%of the US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia, but only 2% of the British ones gave a diagnosis.
- Luhrmann et al (2015) interviewed 60 adults with the disorder. 20 each from Ghana, India and the us. each were asked about the voices they heard. strikingly while the africans and Indians voices subjects were reported as positive symptoms, not one American reported the same thing. Luhrmann suggests the ‘harsh, violent voices’ so common in the west way may not be an inevitable feature of schizophrenia.
what are the problems with the validity of the diagnosis of schizophrenia
Gender Bias- Broverman et al (1970)
Symptom overlap- Ellason and Ross (1995)
Co-morbidty- Buckely et al (2009)
what is Co-morbidity
to the extent that two or more conditions or diseases occur simultaneously in a patient, for example schizophrenia and depression
what is symptom overlap
refers to the fact that symptoms of a disorder but may also be found in other disorders, making accurate diagnosis difficult
define Reliability
is the data constant- we would expect any measurement to produce the same data if taken on successive occasions.
define validity
referes to whether an observed effect is a genuine one
what is the theory that idea of gender bias effecting the validity diagnosis of schizophrenia
There are Critics of the DSM diagnostic criteria argue that some diagnostic categories are biased toward pathologizing one gender rather than the other. Broverman et al (1970), found that clinicians in the US equated mentally healthy ‘adult’ behaviour. As a result, there was a tendency for women to be perceived as less mentally healthy.
what is the theory that the idea that symptom overlap effect the validity of diagnosing schizophrenia
Although the separation of symptoms to positive and negative symptoms was to make the diagnosis of schizophrenia more valid, many of these symptoms are found in other disorders. Ellason and Ross (1995) pointed out that people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) actually have more schizophrenic symptoms than people diagnosed as being schizophrenic. Most people who are diagnosed with schizophrenia have sufficient symptoms of other disorders that they could also receive at least one other diagnosis.
what is the theory that the idea Co-morbidty effects the validity of diagnosing schizophrenia
Psychiatric Co-morbidties are common around patients with schizophrenia, these include substance abuse, anxiety, and depression. Buckley et al (2009) estimated that co-morbid depression occurs in 50% of patients, and 47% of patients also have a lifetime diagnosis of co-morbid substance abuse. Schizophrenia and OCD are two distinct psychiatric conditions. roughly 1% of the population develop schizophrenia, while 2-3% develop OCD. Since both are fairly uncommon, we would expect that only a few people with schizophrenia would develop OCD and vis versa. However, evidence suggests that the two conditions appear together more often more than originally thought.
A meta-anaylsis by Swets et al. found at least 12% of patients with schizophrenia also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of OCD.
evaluation of reliability in diagnosis and classification
lack of inter-rater reliability - Whaley found inter-rater reliability correlations in the diagnosis of schizophrenia as low as 0.11. Further problems with the inter-rater reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenia are illustrated in the Rosenhan study.
unreliable symptoms- for the diagnostic of schizophrenia only one of the symptoms needs to be present, ‘if delusions are bizarre’. However, this creates problems for reliability of diagnosis. when 50 senior psychiatrists in the US were asked to distinguish the difference between ‘bizzare’ and ‘non-bizzare’ delusions, they produced inter-rater reliability correlations of only around 0.40, forcing the researchers to conclude that even this central diagnostic requirement lacks sufficient reliability for it to be reliable method of distinguishing between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients.
evaluation of validity in the diagnosis and classification
There is research to support for gender bias in diagnosis
-Loring and Powell (1998) randomly selected 290 Male and female psychiatrists to read two case vignettes of patients behaviour. They were then asked to offer their judgement on these individuals using standard diagnostics criteria. when the patients were described as ‘male’ or no information given about their gender, 56% of the psychiatrists gave a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
But when the patients were described as ‘female’, only 20% were given diagnosis of schizophrenia.
interestingly this gender bias was not so evident among female psychiatrists, suggesting that diagnosis is influenced not only by the gender of the patient but the psychiatrists aswell
what is a biological education
emphasise the role of inherited factors and dysfunction of the brain activity in the development of a behaviour or mental disorder.