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PA & Health 330 > School Based Approaches to Promote PA > Flashcards

School Based Approaches to Promote PA Flashcards

1
Q

Is there a difference between school based approaches in US and Canada?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Do health and education silos interact?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the PA spectrum ranging between?

A

PHE –> Kin

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4
Q

What 2 things have not been fully researched when it comes to school based approaches?

A
  1. Cost effectiveness

2. Pragmatism - success of practical applications

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5
Q

What do good schools try to do?

A

Incorporate more PA into the lives of children and adolescents

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6
Q

What is PHE?

A

School subject designed to help children and youth develop skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary for participating in active and healthy living

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7
Q

Are PE programs integral components of total school experience for students?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are the 3 competencies of PE in QC?

A
  1. Develop fundamental movement skills
  2. Interact with others
  3. Adopt an active and healthy lifestyle
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9
Q

Why is health and education different for each province?

A

It is up to provincial legislation to organize how health and education is ran

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10
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

Study of human movement and all of its associated knowledge and professional practices

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11
Q

What is PA?

A

Movement of the body that expends energy

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12
Q

What are examples of PA?

A

Sports, dance, and exercise

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13
Q

Is PA used in PE programs?

A

Yes - it is a medium for teaching curriculum content

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14
Q

What is the analogy used for PA in relation to PE?

A

PA is the vehicle to becoming physically educated just as a book is the vehicle to become a reader

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15
Q

What was the national focus for PE and athletics in 2005?

A

Promoting PA for all students in PE class as well as promoting health and safety in athletics

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16
Q

Where can PA be integrated within a school setting?

A

Pre K, kindergarten, before-school programs, classroom activity breaks, recess breaks, after-school programs, commercially sponsored programs, and summer programs

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17
Q

What is the main rationale for school based PA programs?

A

Ability to reach large amounts of children at once for very low cost as kids are required by law to be at school

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18
Q

What are 3 other rationales for school based PA programs?

A
  1. Varied curricular based education versus relying on voluntary compliance
  2. Preventing and controlling obesity and diabetes
  3. Increasing cognition to cure gloomy moods
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19
Q

What did the US Surgeon General Report of 1996 show?

A

How important PA is in several different areas of health

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20
Q

What did the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act do?

A

It tied school funding to school wellness policies that included promoting healthy eating and PA

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21
Q

What did Healthy People 2020 do?

A

It set goals for students at MVPA for at least 50% of class time

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22
Q

What percentage of time were kids doing MVPA in PE class in the 1980’s?

A

About 25-30%

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23
Q

What did the National Association for Sport and PE (NASPE) do?

A

Set guidelines for children and adolescents in classroom

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24
Q

What did NASPE suggest for elementary kids?

A

150 minutes per week of school PE

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25
Q

What did NASPE suggest for secondary kids?

A

225 minutes per week of school PE

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26
Q

What is a growing concern in Canada?

A

Child and youth inactivity

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27
Q

What could be occurring with the children this year in terms of relative death?

A

They might be the first generation of children to live shorter lives than their parents

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28
Q

What 4 things can low PA levels be blamed on?

A
  1. Lifestyle changes
  2. School policies
  3. Stress and school
  4. Communities we live in
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29
Q

What kind of lifestyle change is occurring today?

A
  1. Technology

2. Sedentarism

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30
Q

What is affecting school policies?

A

High levels of teacher burnout due to stress

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31
Q

What is happening with stress and school in students?

A

Increased level of anxiety and depression in students

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32
Q

What 3 things are happening to the communities we live in?

A
  1. Suburbs without sidewalks - danger levels increase
  2. Fruit and vegetable prices are soaring
  3. Lacking access to active forms of transportation
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33
Q

Why is there increasing pressure on Canadian schools?

A

Must maintain or improve child and youth inactivity

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34
Q

What groups did Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) in 1995 make PA guidelines for?

A
  1. Children from 4-11
  2. Youth from 12-17
  3. Adult from 18-64
  4. Adults 65+
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35
Q

What are the most recent guidelines from CSEP?

A

Recommend 60+ minutes of MVPA for children and youth at ages 4-17

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36
Q

Is activity during PE class enough to meet national guidelines for daily PA?

A

No

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37
Q

Show a calculation of how much PA kids are really getting in PE class (in QC)

A

2 x 60 mins per week = 120 mins total of class time

MVPA is rationing about 30-45% of that time = 40 mins total

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38
Q

Can a kid become physically fit from 40 minutes of activity?

A

No

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39
Q

What do most North American curriculums aim for?

A

For children to adopt a healthy and active lifestyle

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40
Q

Are there clear longitudinal studies to indicate that active children become active adults and seniors?

A

No

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41
Q

What are the Canadian Fitness Awards?

A

Used to be given out to every school based on how each child faired in comparison to a norm

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42
Q

Who normally set the norm standard for the Cdn Fitness Awards?

A

Manitoba kids

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43
Q

What kind of tests did the Cdn Fitness Awards have?

A
  1. 50 yard run
  2. 300 yard run
  3. Flexed arm hangs
  4. Shuttle run
  5. Sit ups
  6. Standing long jump
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44
Q

What is the No Child Left Behind program?

A

Kick-starter by Bush government that legislated incorporating an increased amount of harder subjects (math and science) into schools to achieve higher scores but then took away from easier subject (art and PE) due to funding

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45
Q

What did the 3 River’s Longitudinal Study show?

A

Kids with significant DPA had no decrease in academics and may have even had a slight increase

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46
Q

What did the 3 River’s Longitudinal study prove?

A

PA does not have an effect on academics like everyone thinks and there is growing evidence to show that participation in school based PA (i.e. PE) not only doesn’t hurt academic scores but it might improve them

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47
Q

What things are taking time away from PHE and free play (i.e. recess)?

A

Academic balancing, initiatives, budget cuts, myths, and stereotypes

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48
Q

Why are schools no longer within walking distance of homes?

A

Built environment

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49
Q

Why is it unfortunate that schools are not within walking distance of the home?

A
  1. Can’t walk to and from school

2. Parents fear for the child’s safety when walking

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50
Q

What other limitations do parents put on their child in terms of PA?

A
  1. Limiting within school PA participation because of potential injury
  2. Limiting after school sports and “rough” play
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51
Q

Should youth be encouraged to engage in PA before, during, and after class?

A

Yes

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52
Q

How can youth be encouraged to engage in PA before, during, and after class?

A
  1. Active transportation
  2. sports
  3. Leisure and rec activities such as hockey, basketball, and soccer
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53
Q

Is PE marginalized?

A

Yes - no one thinks it is as important as it really is

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54
Q

Does Canada believe that the public school system remains a key environment in which to promote PA to children and youth?

A

Yes

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55
Q

How can schools and educators target inactivity?

A
  1. Curricular changes
  2. Intramural changes
  3. Interscholastic changes
56
Q

What kinds of curricular changes are there?

A
  1. In 2005 and 2008, AB ON and BC legislated DPA into PE curriculum
  2. Teacher driven activities with a commitment to provide selection and opportunities of PA to students
57
Q

What kind of intramural changes are there?

A

Different activities done during school hours to get people to be active

58
Q

What kind of interscholastic changes are there?

A

Competing against different high schools in either intramurals or regular sports

59
Q

What is the Community Guide?

A

Guidance on health improvement strategies for numerous topics including PA

60
Q

What are the Community Guide Recs for PE Programs based off of?

A

Studies of high quality PE programs

61
Q

What 3 kinds of classifications for evidence does the CG have?

A
  1. Recommended
  2. Recommended against
  3. Insufficient evidence
62
Q

What 7 items does the CG suggest for high quality PE programs within schools?

A
  1. Adequate facilities
  2. Properly trained educators
  3. Appropriate class sizes from 25-30
  4. Includes all students
  5. Focuses on an appropriate mix of motor skills
  6. Increases student understanding
  7. Provides active opportunities to practice
63
Q

What are the 2 kinds of motor skills?

A
  1. Locomotor

2. Object control

64
Q

Examples of locomotor skills

A

Running, jumping, galloping, leaping, hopping

65
Q

Examples of object control skills

A

Throwing, catching, striking, kicking, dribbling

66
Q

What is the TGMD-2?

A

It is the most recent, easiest to administer, and and most applicable motor skill test for elementary school students

67
Q

How much does the TGMD-2 test cost?

A

$100

68
Q

How much does the BRFO test cost?

A

$3000

69
Q

How much does the ABC test cost?

A

$1500

70
Q

What is an informational approach?

A

Increase in knowledge and reinforcement of desire to change when motivated

71
Q

What are the 4 changing behaviours from informational approaches?

A
  1. Increase in knowledge about benefits and risks of PA
  2. Encouraging people to be PA by extending knowledge about where and how to do so in the community
  3. Identify personal and environmental reasons that people are physically inactive and help them overcome it
  4. Know when opportunities for PA are happening in communities, worksites, and other settings
72
Q

What is constantly cited as the #1 reason why people are not PA?

A

Lack of time

73
Q

What does school based PHE programs not focus on as much anymore?

A

Sports performance and PE fitness testing

74
Q

What do school based PHE programs focus on now?

A

Health related PE and health benefits of PA

75
Q

Do school based PHE programs teach students how to move, become active, and maintain health?

A

Yes

76
Q

What do school based PHE programs want students to do?

A

They want them to learn how to be PA rather than focusing on simplistic behaviour or physiological status

77
Q

What would be 3 advantages to high quality PHE programs?

A
  1. Amount of time spent in MVPA during PE could be increased by 50.3%
  2. Increases in the % of time spent in MVPA in PE class can range from 3.3 to 15% - average at 10%
  3. Significant increases in aerobic capacity could be obtained
78
Q

What is the SPARK program?

A

Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids

79
Q

What does SPARK promote?

A
  1. 50% enjoyable activities

2. 50% teaching movement skills

80
Q

What was the SPARK study?

A

In 1997, seven schools were randomly assigned to a normal PE program or a SPARK program taught by a class educator or a PE specialist

81
Q

What were the results of the SPARK study?

A
  1. Control/normal PE - 18 minutes of MVPA/week
  2. Class educator for SPARK - 32 minutes of MVPA/week
  3. PE specialist for SPARK - 40 minutes of MVPA/week
82
Q

What is Coordinated School Health?

A

It promotes school health and increased PA in accordance with CDC

83
Q

What 8 items does CSH promote?

A
  1. Health education
  2. PE
  3. Health services
  4. Nutrition services
  5. Counseling, psychological, and social services
  6. Healthy and safe school environment
  7. Health promotion for staff
  8. Family and community involvement
84
Q

How often are PHE programs high quality?

A

Rarely

85
Q

Why is there professional marginalization of PE?

A

Top down initiatives are not taking into account the full purpose of PHE

86
Q

What is a challenging aspect of school based PA programs?

A

Youth physical fitness assessments

87
Q

What did fitness assessments used to be based on?

A

Norm standards - i.e. Cdn Fitness Awards

88
Q

When did it start to change from norm standards to criteria based?

A

End of 80’s and start of 90’s

89
Q

Are fitness tests abandoned from schools yet?

A

Still being widely discussed

90
Q

What are 2 rationales for keeping fitness tests?

A
  1. Health related fitness parameters would encourage PA in and out of school
  2. Fitness evaluation results can show that students with lower scores need to become more active and fit
91
Q

What did McKenzie and Morrow find?

A
  1. Pitfalls in youth fitness testing
  2. No relationship between measures of fitness and behavioural PA
  3. Not representative of inactivity and activity in children because some inactive children would do well on fitness testing and vice versa
92
Q

What is the US President’s Challenge?

A

Encourages all Americans to make being active part of their everyday lives (DPA) to improve fitness

93
Q

How do you measure US President’s Challenge?

A

Through online challenges and tracking progress

94
Q

What is Fitness Gram?

A

A response to the need for a comprehensive set of assessment procedures for PE programs

95
Q

When and where was Fitness Gram founded?

A

1982 at the Cooper Institute

96
Q

What does Fitness Gram assess?

A
  1. Aerobic capacity
  2. Muscular strength
  3. Muscular endurance
  4. Flexibility
  5. Body composition
97
Q

What are Fitness Gram scores compared to?

A

Healthy fitness zone standards to determine overall physical fitness levels

98
Q

What is Activity Gram?

A

Used in accordance with Fitness Gram to assess tool enabling students to record PA in 30 minute increments over 3 day period

99
Q

What does Activity Gram track?

A
  1. Total time
  2. Periods of activity
  3. Types of activity
100
Q

What kind of degree based PHE programs can you get in university?

A
  1. Consecutive - undergrad into field work for 1 to 2 years

2. Concurrent - theory and field work both in undergrad

101
Q

What kind of teachers are being developed because of a lack of PE specialists?

A

“Gym” teachers

102
Q

Are PHE specialists well developed at McGill? Why?

A

Yes - receive 700 hours of student teaching field work vs. 20-30 hours from other universities

103
Q

What 3 provinces have certified elementary school PHE specialists for PE classes?

A

QC, NS, and PEI

104
Q

What are PA and exercise positively associated with in children and adolescents?

A
  1. Body composition
  2. Motor skills
  3. CR health
  4. Metabolism
  5. Bone health
  6. Youth fitness levels
105
Q

Has there been a dose-response relationship between kids and PA yet?

A

No

106
Q

When should students start PA?

A

In their early teen years to maximize physiological benefits

107
Q

What is current thinking emphasizing for PA in terms of the timeline in life?

A

Importance of PA from infancy onwards

108
Q

What is happening recently with fundamental movement skills?

A

They are not developing as early as they should due to a lack of PA

109
Q

When should locomotor skills show up?

A

Around 7/8yo in girls first

110
Q

When should object control skills show u?

A

Around 10yo in boys first

111
Q

Why is it important for inclusion among kids with disabilities?

A

Tend to be less active

112
Q

What are developmental considerations for PA in youth highly dependent on?

A

Each child’s stage of development and growth

113
Q

What does maturation do for PA?

A

It influences the rate and timing of specific training adaptations

114
Q

How much does aerobic capacity improve for youth through PA and exercise?

A

The VO2 max increases from about 8 to 10%

115
Q

How do mental health symptoms improve for youth through PA and exercise?

A
  1. Increase in confidence
  2. Increased self esteem
  3. Decreased depression and anxiety
116
Q

How does bone health improve for youth through PA and exercise?

A
  1. Weight bearing and muscular strength/endurance activities
  2. Opportunity for increases in bone mass occurring in puberty and pre-menarche
117
Q

How does strength improve for youth through PA and exercise?

A
  1. Gains before puberty are mostly neural - motor neuron signals
  2. Gains after puberty are mostly within the muscles - hypertrophy
  3. More efficient muscle fibre recruitment
118
Q

How does the prevention of metabolic dysfunction and type II Diabetes improve for youth through PA and exercise?

A

Greatly reduced if receiving 60 minutes of PA daily

119
Q

How do biomechanics benefits improve for youth through PA and exercise?

A
  1. Improved economy - lower energy cost attributed to body size changes and stride frequency
  2. Balance
  3. Mobility
  4. Motor skill
  5. Proprioception
120
Q

How do you measure exercises for students between 6-18?

A
  1. Sit and reach
  2. Flexed arm hang
  3. Mile run
  4. Pull ups
  5. Sit ups
  6. Standing long jump
  7. Shuttle run
  8. 50 yard dash
  9. 2 mile walk
121
Q

What kind of trends do you see in exercises for students between 6-18?

A
  1. Performance in girls traditionally lower than boys - changing currently
  2. Girls lack skills in upper body - flex arm hangs and pull ups
  3. Around 12-14yo (puberty), boys and girls tend to gain muscle which causes an increase in almost every exercise
122
Q

What must be taken into consideration when creating annual, unit, and lesson plans?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Age
  3. Developmental stage
  4. High quality PE programs
  5. Diversity
123
Q

What kind of diversity factors exists for school approaches in PA?

A
  1. Race
  2. Socioeconomic status and the effects of poverty
  3. Immigrants and refugees
  4. Gender
  5. Sexual orientation
  6. Religion
  7. Disabilities and abilities
  8. Bodies and body image
124
Q

How does the relative emphasis in PA change in kids from 0-18?

A
  1. Increased emphasis on prescriptive PA, health, fitness, and behavioural outcomes
  2. Decreased emphasis on general PA and motor skills
125
Q

Should youth be exposed to a variety of sports? If yes, why?

A

Yes - helps with motor skill development

126
Q

Is sports participation more likely to increase injury?

A

Yes - however it is still very safe for most children

127
Q

What happens if a child does not participate in a variety of physical activities?

A

The child is more likely to become obese and inactive as an adult

128
Q

What does early elementary PE focus on?

A
  1. Learning fundamental movement skills - locomotor and object control
  2. Physical literacy - buzz term on ability to do PA
  3. Develop physical competence
  4. Maximize fun and enjoyment
  5. Minimize anxiety
  6. Offer choices to maximize activity
  7. Participation influences behaviours that are carried forward through life
129
Q

What does PE directed to students of ages 10-14 focus on?

A
  1. Individual and group activities - school and club sports
  2. Encouraging youth to adopt and maintain PA levels to compensate for decreased PE time
  3. Self esteem
  4. Being active with friends
  5. Having fun and developing skills for performing activities of choice
  6. PA they feel competent at
  7. Access to equipment and facilities
  8. Sharing time with positive role models for PA
  9. Think about health and fitness for rest of lives
  10. Parent - adolescent communication
130
Q

What does PE directed to students of ages 15-18 do?

A
  1. Structured programs aimed to help transition to adulthood
  2. Health and fitness
  3. Behaviours to be adopted and maintained in adulthood
  4. Balanced view of PA within leisure framework
131
Q

What are 15-18yo students most at risk for?

A
  1. Sedentary lifestyle
  2. Losing caloric balance
  3. Gaining weight rapidly especially when leaving school to university
132
Q

How can you get youth be active?

A
  1. Slowly increase activity in enjoyable ways
  2. Exceed guidelines for additional health benefits
  3. Maintain activity levels and vary activities to reduce overuse
  4. Participate in a wide range of developmentally appropriate activities
  5. Include children with disabilities in activities suited to their challenges
133
Q

How often should students in school be doing VI activities, muscle strengthening activities, and bone strengthening activities?

A
  1. VI aerobics - 3 days of the week
  2. Muscle strengthening - 2 to 3 days of the week
  3. Bone strengthening - 2 to 3 days of the week
134
Q

Should various types of activities be included?

A

Yes

135
Q

What do a variety of activities promote?

A
  1. Avoiding overuse and injuries
  2. Promoting motor learning
  3. Cross curricular opportunities including nutrition, family, community involvement
136
Q

What is the best way to influence PA in schools?

A
  1. High quality HRPE

2. Delivered by PE specialists

PA & Health 330 (4 decks)

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