science

Question 1

the thinnest and outermost layer

Answer 1

crust

Question 2

thinner and denser crust

Answer 2

oceanic

Question 3

crust that forms the continent

Answer 3

continental

Question 4

boundary between mantle and crust

Answer 4

mohorovicic discontinuity

Question 5

thickest layer, composed of hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich rocks

Answer 5

mantle

Question 6

distinguished based on composition

Answer 6

compositional layers

Question 7

boundary between the mantle and core

Answer 7

gutenburg discotinuity

Question 8

innermost and center of layer, extremely hot and dense

Answer 8

core

Question 9

distinguished based on the type of rocks present, temp and pressure increases with depth

Answer 9

mechanical layer

Question 10

consists of the crust and uppermost mantle. rocks are rigid and strong. divided into tectonic plates

Answer 10

lithosphere

Question 11

upper mantle, fluid like

Answer 11

asthenosphere

Question 12

lower mantle, flows but much rigid and slower

Answer 12

mesosphere

Question 13

high temp, movement drives the generation of earth’s magnetic field

Answer 13

outer core

Question 14

temp higher than sun’s surface, solid and rigid due to pressure

Answer 14

inner core

Question 15

theory that suggests that the lithosphere is divided into smaller segments called tectonic plates

Answer 15

plate tectonic theory

Question 16

said to glide over the fluid asthenosphere, smaller segments that divide the earth’s surface

Answer 16

tectonic plates/plates

Question 17

largest plate

Answer 17

pacific plate

Question 18

smallest plate

Answer 18

new hebrides

Question 19

process wherein hot material rises and cold material sinks, governs plate tectonic movement

Answer 19

mantle convection

Question 20

theory stating that all the land continents of the world are moving and are once interconnected into a massive supercontinent called pangaea

Answer 20

continental drift theory

Question 21

introduced conti drift theo through the book…

Answer 21

the origin of the continents and oceans

Question 22

“all earth” (greek), supermassive continent

Answer 22

pangaea

Question 23

only body of water present with pangaea

Answer 23

panthalassa

Question 24

pangaea broke down into…

Answer 24

laurasia and gondwanaland

Question 25

body of water w/ laurasia and gondwanaland

Answer 25

tethys ocean

Question 26

constructive plate boundary, two plates move away from e/o, creates new lithosphere

Answer 26

divergent

Question 27

seafloor spreading occurs, an example is mid-atlantic ridge

Answer 27

oceanic divergence

Question 28

results in rifting, split the continental lithosphere forming a new body of water (ex: red sea)

Answer 28

continental divergence

Question 29

destructive plate boundary, two plates collide making one plate sink under the other (subduction zone)

Answer 29

convergent

Question 30

denser oceanic plate subducts, formation of volcanic arc/volcanoes

Answer 30

oceanic-continental convergence

Question 31

the denser/older oceanic crust sinks, forms a great depression called trench (ex: mariana's trench). can also form underwater volcanoes and volcanic islands (ex: japan, phil, etc)

Answer 31

oceanic-oceanic convergence

Question 32

no subduction when 2 continental plates meet, causes folding that leads to mountain formation (ex : himalayan mt range)

Answer 32

continental-continental convergence

Question 33

conservative plate boundary, two plates slide alongside e/o, most are underwater, produces the most destructive earthqukes (ex: san andreas fault)

Answer 33

transform

Question 34

dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other heavy impacts, properly damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage

Answer 34

risk / hazard

Question 35

path along the pacific ocean known for its very active volcanism and earthquake production

Answer 35

pacific ring of fire

Question 36

stopping something from happening or arising

Answer 36

prevention

Question 37

reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

Answer 37

mitigation

Question 38

breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals

Answer 38

weathering

Question 39

smaller pieces formed from weathering

Answer 39

sediments

Question 40

process that breaks down rocks without changing their chemical compositions

Answer 40

mechanical / physical weathering

Question 41

process that weakens and disintegrate rocks through chemical reactions

Answer 41

chemical weathering

Question 42

also known as ice wedging, water sips and enter rock through small cracks, water freezes and expands due to temp changes

Answer 42

freeze-thaw

Question 43

growth of crystals (from salt water) puts pressure to the rocks slowly breaking it apart

Answer 43

haloclasty

Question 44

over time, trees or small plants can break apart even rocks

Answer 44

plant wedging

Question 45

process of rock minerals reacting with carbonic acid (a weak acid formed when water combines with carbon dioxide)

Answer 45

carbonation

Question 46

rocks exposed to oxygen are prone to this ^^ ex: when iron in rocks combines with __ forming ferrous oxide (rust)

Answer 46

oxidation

Question 47

rock materials are worn away and transported from one place to another

Answer 47

erosion

Question 48

agents of erosion

Answer 48

wind, water, land, etc

Question 49

settling down of sediments

Answer 49

deposition

Question 50

agents of deposition

Answer 50

wind, water, precipitation, humans

Question 51

landslides or mass wasting (downward movement of rocks) driven by the pull of gravity

Answer 51

physical erosion

Question 52

as a plant grows and take root that led to the formation of crevices and breakage of rocks

Answer 52

bioerosion

Question 53

wind-driven processes constantly transport small debris of materials (ex: dust, ash, sand, etc) (ex : dunes)

Answer 53

erosion by wind / aeolian

Question 54

heavy flowing water can carry and displaced an amount of earthen mats (run-offs or flash floods)

Answer 54

(erosion by water) running water

Question 55

can cause erosion through splash erosion bc of raindrops, can also cause flash floods and run-offs

Answer 55

(erosion by water) rainfall

Question 56

occurs when small materials are displaced due to the impact between raindrops and land

Answer 56

splash erosion

Question 57

wearing of riverbank due to rushing streams of water, deposited mats are at the mouth of the river form delta

Answer 57

(erosion by water) valley erosion

Question 58

wearing away of rocks, sand, and other earthen materials on shorelines causes the change of shape in the coastline

Answer 58

coastal erosion

Question 59

release of energy from movement of faults, shaking of the ground

Answer 59

earthquakes

Question 60

takes place when saturated soil loses strength and stiffness due to violent shaking of the ground, soil behaves like a liquid, cannot support weight and can flow down very gentle

Answer 60

liquefaction

Question 61

when a volcano violently erupts and changes the shape of a mountain, forms a large depression called ___

Answer 61

formation of caldera