SCIENCE Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
______ is part of the process of respiration
A
Breathing
2
Q
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
- Air enters the nose through the external nares (nostrils)
A
NASAL CAVITY
3
Q
- muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
A
PHARYNX (Throat)
4
Q
- Routes air and food into proper channels
A
LARYNX (Voice Box)
5
Q
- connects larynx with bronchi
A
Trachea (Windpipe)
6
Q
the two-way passageway of air from trachea to left &
right lungs
A
Bronchi
7
Q
branches of bronchi
A
Bronchioles
8
Q
balloon-like structures where O2 & CO2
diffuse to the capillaries and alveolar wall.
A
Alveoli (air sacs)
9
Q
occupy the region of the chest
- separated by the heart, esophagus, and blood vessels
- spongy in nature
A
LUNGS
10
Q
“dome-shaped” muscle
- contracts (breathing in) & expands (breathing out)
- separates chest cavity and abdominal cavity
A
DIAPHRAGM
11
Q
chronic respiratory disease
- inflammation of airways
A
ASTHMA
12
Q
inflammation of bronchial tubes
- bronchioles produce excessive secretion of mucus
A
BRONCHITIS
13
Q
infection in alveoli
- typically caused by a microbe (Streptococcus pneumoniae
A
PNEUMONIA
14
Q
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)
- person to person transmission
A
TUBERCOLOSIS
15
Q
a. k.a. Lung Carcinoma
- malignant
- inhibit lung’s ability to supply O2 in the bloodstream
A
LUNG CANCER
16
Q
- A.K.A. “River of Life”
- Transport substances throughout the body
A
BLOOD
17
Q
- A.K.A “Erythrocytes”
- Contains Hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein)
A
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
18
Q
- A.K.A “Leukocytes”
- Absorbs germs, viruses, and bacteria.
- Bigger than RBC
A
White Blood Cell (WBC)
19
Q
A.K.A “Thrombocytes”
- Repair internal & external wounds.
- Performs hemostasis (process which causes bleeding
to stop)
A
Platelets
20
Q
Collects waste materials.
- Yellowish fluid that suspends the blood cells.
A
Plasma
21
Q
Pumps blood and distributing oxygen & nutrients
throughout the body
A
Heart
22
Q
4 chambers of the heart
A
a. Left and Right Atrium
b. Left and Right Ventricle
23
Q
3 BLOOD VESSELS
A
Artery, Vein, Capillaries
24
Q
Carries oxygenated Blood Flows Away from the
Heart
A
Artery
25
Carry Blood Back Toward the Heart
Vein
26
Cite of gas, nutrients, and waste exchange
Capillaries
27
elevated blood pressure
| in the arteries
Hypertension
28
hardening and narrowing of the arteries
| • plaque creates blockage
Atherosclerosis
29
RBC deficiency
Anemia
30
Blood cancer
| • WBC reproduce rapidly
Leukemia
31
bleeding disorder
| • inability to develop blood clotting
Hemophilia
32
transports
oxygen-poor blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs, where blood picks
up a new blood supply. Then it returns
the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.
Pulmonary Circulation
33
Takes place in the lungs between the alveoli and the blood.
- A.K.A. external respiration, as it involves the respiratory processes that have contact with
the external environment.
- The process of pulmonary gas exchange removes CO2 from the blood and replenishes the
bloods O2 supply.
Gas exchange
34
The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all
body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up
carbon dioxide and waste products. Systemic circulation carries
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the
capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the
deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right
atrium of the heart.
Systemic Circulation
35
Where is energy made?
mitochondria
36
the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the
chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon
dioxide and water.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
| Sugar (Glucose) Oxygen Gas Carbon Dioxide Water
37
It is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell and can be
compared to storing money in a bank.
ATP or ADENOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE.
38
where does GLYCOLYSIS happen
cytoplasm
39
product of glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP -
2 NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen)
40
The second step of glycolysis
KREBS CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE)
41
input of krebs cycle
Input: Acetyl-CoA
42
where does krebs cycle occur
Where: Mitochondria
43
a process where oxygen is required
Aerobic Process
44
The last step of glycolysis
| Where: Mitochondria
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
45
products of etc
PRODUCTS:
- NAD
- 32/34 ATP
- 6 H20
46
It is the process of creating energy without the presence of oxygen.
Without the presence of oxygen, the electron transport chain (ETC) cannot
continue as there is no terminal electron acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation)
47
discovered the light and dark reaction
Jan Ingenhousz
48
This word combination which are, Photo meaning light, while synthesis means putting
together. The chemical formula of it basically explains how photosynthesis, let carbon dioxide and
water using light energy to undergo chemical process to produce sugar and oxygen. (formula)
6 CO2 + 6 H2O→ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
49
Three steps of photosynthesis
A. Capturing light energy
B. Light dependent reaction
C. Dark independent reaction
50
traps and absorbs light
energy from the sun and uses it to power
the chemical reactions of photosynthesis.
This is found inside the chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll
51
contain photosynthetic
pigments. They are stacked into group
called grana
Thylakoids
52
he colorless fluid where the
| grana/thylakoid is located
Stroma
53
Some of the released energy drives pumping of H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior,
building a gradient. (H+ ions from the splitting of water also add to the gradient) As H+ ions flow down
their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production in a process
known as _____
chemiosmosis
54
when there is no individual of the species is found in the place, but can be found
elsewhere
Locally Extinct
55
when there is no individual of that species is found in any part of the world
Biologically Extinct
56
when there are few individuals of the species still exist in the wild, but their
interactions with other species around them is ecologically insignificant because of their low abundance.
Ecological Extinction
57
the distinguishing
feature or quality of character
incorporated in a gene.
Traits
58
is a piece of DNA that
| codes for a particular trait.
Gene
59
is
| located in chromosomes
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
60
is the genetic makeup of a specific trait
Genotype
61
is the physical expression of a specific trait interacting with the environment
Phenotype
62
are also genetic sequences and they too code for the transmission of different traits.
Alleles
63
presence of two different alleles at a particular allele (Example: Gg, gG)
Heterozygous
64
presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus. It may include two normal alleles or two alleles that have the same variant. (Example: gg, GG)
Homozygous
65
He studied grasshoppers’ cells and
deduced that the chromosomes are the basis of heredity.
He found out that sex cells in the testes of wester lubber
grasshopper undergoing meiosis have only 12
chromosomes (haploid).
Walter Sutton
66
He is one of the known pioneers of understanding inheritance.
However, due to limited technology and resource back then. Some patterns of
inheritance don’t always apply.
Gregor Mendel
67
refers to the intermediate trait appearance
| in between the phenotypes of homozygous traits in the heterozygote.
Incomplete dominance
68
happens when both alleles are completely expressed. Its alleles are
written as capitals with superscripts, when using a Punnett Square.
Codominance
69
____ are three or more possible alleles for one individual trait. An
example would be the blood typing in humans (ABO Blood Groups).
Multiple Alleles
70
____ is a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. They carry information for protein
production and are responsible for the inheritance of specific traits.
Sex-linked
71
Atoms or ions combine to form molecules and compounds. The forces of attraction that hold
these particles are called _______
CHEMICAL BONDS.
72
It consists of the chemical symbol for an element surrounded by dots,
with each dot corresponding to a valence electron of an atom. Valence electrons
are the ones involved in bonding. Thus, atoms may be represented with on their
valence electron shown.
Lewis Dot structure
73
same element
Molecule
74
different
| combination of element
Compound
75
outer most electron of each atom
(blue circles on the outermost
layer)
Valence Electrons
76
It is formed when the valence electrons of an atom are TRANSFERRED to another atom. This
happens when a metal and a non-metal combine to form a compound.
Ionic Bond
77
When the two different kinds of nonmetallic atoms are
covalently bonded, their shared electrons are pulled toward
more electronegative atom.
POLAR COVALENT BONDING
78
positively change ions that
| lose electron
Cation –
79
negative charge ions which gain electrons
anion
80
All hydrocarbons that do not contain benzene rings. They may be either chains or simple rings.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
81
Straight or branched chain hydrocarbons with Carbon-carbon single bonds. They have a general
formula CnH2n+2 (where n = number of carbon in the chain)
ALKANES
82
contains only a single bond
Saturated Hydrocarbons
83
contains at least one double or
| triple bonds.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
84
He coined the term mole.
Amadeo Avogadro
85
It is defined as the number of substance that contains as many elementary entities.
Mole
86
Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen, it is the simplest of the organic compounds
Hydrocarbon
87
He recognized the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure.
Friedrich Kekule
88
A complex mixture of alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds.
Petroleum
89
refers to any phenomenon of eruption of molten lava onto the surface.
Volcanism
90
It is a hill, mountain, or fissure from which molten rocks, hot gases, and ash are ejected.
Volcano
91
the central opening of a volcano that is connected to a magma chamber where the heated magma rises from underneath.
Vent
92
Long narrow cracks in the crust called ____.
fissure
93
These are secondary vents that emit only gases
fumaroles
94
A nearly circular depression that surrounds the vent is called ____
crater
95
Volcanic Depressions that are unusually large are caused by the collapse of the summit of a volcano
Calderas
96
a narrow depression caused by compressive forces that cause dense plates to slide and descend into the mantle
trench
97
A narrow zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where most of the active volcanoes are located
Pacific Ring of Fire
98
a long, narrow chain of folds in the oceanic crust produced by diverging forces of convection currents in the asthenosphere.
ridge
99
An important material in volcanic activity.
Magma
100
the resistance of a fluid to flow
Viscosity
101
An explosion driven by steam produced when groundwater is heated due to an underlying heat source.
Phreatic
102
An eruption resulting from the release of large quantities of accumulated magmatic gas, which lifts fine ash with great force high into the air forming voluminous cauliflower clouds.
Vulcanian
103
A weak to violent eruption characterized by lava fountains and outbursts of molten lava
Strombolian
104
An eruption that occurs when gas-rich, pasty lava accumulates to form a dome on the volcano edifice or beneath its surface.
Pelean
105
An eruption that results from an ejection of magmatic gases and steam produced by the conversion of groundwater to steam by ascending magma.
Phreatomagmatic
106
A violent explosion characterized by voluminous ejections of pumice and by ash flows.
Plinian
107
Produced when viscous lava of andesitic composition flows out over a long time.
Composite cones Volcano (stratovolcanoes)
108
Built from ejected lava fragments. They are small, usually, less than 300m high, and are formed near or inside large volcanoes
Cinder Cone Volcano
109
formed by less than viscous basaltic lava flows
Shield Volcano
110
the fast movement of a turbulent mass of fragmental volcanic materials mixed with hot gases down the slope at speeds of more than 60km/h
Pyroclastic Flow
111
a streamlike flow of incandescent, molten rock materials erupted from the volcano.
Lava Flow
112
A shower of fine-to-coarse-grained volcanic materials and other airborne products of a volcanic eruption.
Ashfall or Tephra Fall
113
a rapid-flowing thick mixture of volcanic material and water, usually generated along river channels by extreme rainfall.
Lahar
114
refer to the high-temperature mixture of water vapor, hydrogen, sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride released to the atmosphere
Volcanic gases
115
PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
116
An important energy resource in the Philippines
Geothermal energy
117
The amount of insolation received at any place on Earth's surface depends on the length of daytime and nighttime and on the angle of the sun above the horizon called _____
solar latitude
118
Temperature varies with time due to the changes in the solar radiation received by Earth's surface. This energy is called ____
incoming solar radiation or Insolation
119
PAGASA
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration
120
The condensed water vapor that falls to Earth's water is called ____
Precipitation
121
The force per unit area exerted by air due to its weight
Atmospheric Pressure
122
the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
humidity
123
the distance from the equator affects the climate of a place
Latitude
124
A geographical factor that affects climate which is the measure of elevation above sea level
Altitude
125
The force exerted by the wind causes the surface water to move
Surface Current
126
The vertical movement of watr caused by winds.
Upwelling
127
Also known as general circulation, is the worldwide pattern of wind and weather
Global wind pattern
128
An increase in the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Global Warming
129
An effect of the global warming. Global increase in temperature is expected to significanty change patterns of rainfall, soil moisture, and other factors that relate to agricultural productivity
Climate Change
130
The measure of a star's brightness is called ___
Magnitude
131
an important tool in the study of stellar evolution
Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram
132
_____ or The mass of a star is the most important property of stars but it is also the most difficult property to measure
Stellar Mass
133
Refer to a specific region in the sky. These groups of stars that seemingly form a pattern are called .
Constellation
134
A large spiral galaxy. Ir is a flat disk with spiral arms and a bright central blue bulge called nucleus
Milky Way galaxy
135
It moves down along the vertical line following a curved path
Trajectory
136
An object moving down along the vertical line following a curved path
Projectile
137
the force acting on an object resisting its motion due to its surrounding fluid, affecting projectiles in many ways.
Air resistance
138
Movement formula
p=mv
139
Two forms of mechanical energy
Potential and Kinetic energy
140
The energy possessed by an object due to its motion
kinetic energy
141
Also known as stored energy
Potential energy
142
It is scientifically defined as the product of the force exerted on an object and the dispacement of the object in the same direction as the force
Work
143
the study of thermal processes that transforms heat energy into useful mechanical, and vice versa.
Thermodynamics
144
A power plant that uses heat from the hot interior of Earth
Geothermal power plant
145
A power plant that derive their energy indirectly from the sun
Fossil Fuel Power Plant
146
A power plant which large hydroelectic generating stations derive energy from an elevated source of water.
Hydroelectric Power Plane
147
A power plant that is derived from the nucleus of an atom
Nuclear Power Plant
148
Occurs when waste heat damages the environmental by causing an unnatural rise in temperature
Thermal Pollution
149
Also known as a power station, is an industrial facility designed to convert energy from a source to electrical energy
Power plant
150
He invented the first alternating current (AC) motor and developed AC generation and transmission technology.
Nikola Tesla
151
a technology that allows two-way digital communication between electric utilities and electric users or consumers
Smart Grid
152
The production of electricity from an energy source
electricity generation
