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CSET 2 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

What colors are associated with Litmus Paper and what do they represent?

A

Red= Acidic
Blue = Basic/Alkaline

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2
Q

What numbers represent an acidic level? Basic/alkaline level? Neutral?

A

Acidic = 1-6
Neutral = 7
Basic/Alkaline = 8-14

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3
Q

What two things contribute to the liquifying of air?

A

Lower temperature and raising the pressure

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4
Q

What are the most reactive elements on the periodic table?

A

Metals; Alkali Metals

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5
Q

Describe the Nuclear Fission process?

A

Releasing energy when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller fragments. All nuclear reactors use this.

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6
Q

Describe the Nuclear Fusion process?

A

Releasing energy when smaller fragments form to create heavier nuclei. Stars derive their energy from this process.

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7
Q

What are the six types of simple machines?

A

wedge, inclined plane, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and the pulley

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8
Q

Weightlessness in space is created when…?

A

centrifugal force (created by orbiting the Earth) is counterbalanced by Earth’s gravitational pull

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9
Q

What characteristic of a wave must change in order to affect the pitch of a sound?

A

Frequency

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10
Q

What is a wave’s amplitude?

A

It’s height, the distance between its resting position and its crest

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11
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Distance between two consecutive points on a wave

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12
Q

Which color of light is the longest?

A

Red

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13
Q

Which color of light is the shortest?

A

Violet

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14
Q

Define a lever (Simple Machine)

A

A rigid point that rotates around a fixed point

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15
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes in the body?

A

The enzymes are catalysts that help speed up chemical reactions

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16
Q

Name three facts about ozone depletion

A

1) It was detected over Antarctica
2) It has the potential to change the genetic structure of certain microorganisms
3) It could lead to increases in skin cancer

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17
Q

What are two groups of primitive plants?

A

Fungi and algae; both lack true roots, stems, and leaves, and fungi lack chlorophyll

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18
Q

How do fern plants reproduce?

A

They lack seeds and produce by spores

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19
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Cone-bearing plants that possess chlorophyll with seeds exposed on cone scales

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20
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants that bear their seeds within fruits

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21
Q

What color of star is the hottest?

A

Blue

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22
Q

What color of star is the coolest?

A

Red

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23
Q

What two factors keep the planets in their orbit?

A

Inertia and gravity

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24
Q

What are traits of divergent boundary earthquakes?

A

Two plates pull away from each other, generally weak and shallow

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25
Q

What are traits of convergent boundary earthquakes?

A

Two plates push together, generally strong and relatively deep

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26
Q

What are traits of transform boundary earthquakes?

A

Two plates slip past each other, generally moderate and relatively shallow

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27
Q

What do bacteria need to survive?

A

Oxygen/Air

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28
Q

What is one effect of a volcanic eruption?

A

A decline in global temperatures because less of the sun’s energy reaches Earth

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29
Q

What are the traits of a neap tide?

A

The sun, the Earth, and the moon form a 90 degree angle with each other

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30
Q

Definition: Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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31
Q

What is a solid?

A

Anything characterized by their ability to retain their shape. Note: All substances become solid if cooled sufficiently

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32
Q

What is a liquid?

A

Anything that take on the shape of their container, yet cannot be compressed to any significant extent. Constant without evaporation.

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33
Q

Traits of a gas

A

Expands to fill any available space. Volume is determined by pressure and temperature of the environment.

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34
Q

What is Boyle’s Law

A

The volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure, if pressure increases, the volume decreases

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35
Q

Definition: Sublimation

A

Allows a solid to transition to the gas phase without going through liquid phase. Deposition is the opposite

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36
Q

Definition: Mass

A

The amount of matter in a chemical substance

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37
Q

Definition: Density

A

Determined by dividing the mass by volume of a object that is all the same

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38
Q

Definition: Hardness

A

Various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape changing when force is applied

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39
Q

What are the three definitions of hardness?

A

Scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness

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40
Q

What is the range of Mohs’ scale of hardness?

A

1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)

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41
Q

Types of physical properties

A

Color, form, electrical conductivity, and density

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42
Q

Definition: Physical Change

A

Going from one physical state (solid, liquid, gas) to another

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43
Q

Chemical Change

A

When a substance is changed into another chemical substance. Atoms rearrange and makes/breaks chemical bonds

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44
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

Show the number of molecules or formula units of the reactants and products. Number of molecules must be the same on each side

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45
Q

Atom parts

A

Core is called the nucleus and it is made of protons and neutrons. Also contains electrons

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46
Q

Atomic Number

A

Equal to the number of protons in an element

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47
Q

Compound Elements

A

Formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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48
Q

Periodic Table Column Traits

A

Elements with similar properties fall into the same vertical columns to form groups or families

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49
Q

As of 2006, how many elements on the periodic table?

A

117

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50
Q

Definition: Solution

A

When foreign substances are dissolved in water

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51
Q

Definition: Mixture

A

A substance made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurring

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52
Q

How do bases feel when acid reacts with metals?

A

Soapy

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53
Q

What is scientific notation?

A

N x 10^P, where N is a number between 1 and 10. Can include decimals

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54
Q

Definition: Motion

A

Constant change in the location of a body, and is described by stating an objects position, velocity, and acceleration

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55
Q

Definition: Velocity

A

Rate of change of position with time (Velocity= Change of Distance/Change of time

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56
Q

Definition: Acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity over time (A= Change of Velocity/Change of Time) Answer is squared

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57
Q

Definition: Gravitation

A

Natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract each other

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58
Q

Definition: Magnetism

A

Displayed by permanent magnets around electric currents.

Note: Like poles repel each other

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59
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

In the absence of application of outside forces, a body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion

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60
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied (More force = More acceleration)

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61
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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62
Q

Definition: Simple Machine

A

A mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force

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63
Q

Definition: Mechanical Advantage

A

Results in less force applied over a greater distance. The ratio of output to the input force

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64
Q

Different Forms of Energy

A

Solar, chemical electrical, magnetic, nuclear, sound, light, and electromagnetic

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65
Q

Definition: Kinetic Energy

A

Energy possessed by a moving object

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66
Q

Definition: Potential Energy

A

An object that has an unstable position for the position could be converted into movement (Example: Baseball at the peak height it is thrown)

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67
Q

Three Traits of Energy

A

Motion, heat, and electricity

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68
Q

Law of Conservation

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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69
Q

Definition: Electricity

A

Form of energy that can be used to produce sound, light, heat, and power

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70
Q

How does electricity work?

A

When the number of electrons (negatively charged) does not precisely equal the number of positive protons

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71
Q

Definition: Electrical Current

A

When electrons flow in one direction, the electricity is referred to as a current

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72
Q

Definition: Insulators

A

Material that is a poor conductors of electricity (plastic, rubber, glass, air, and wood)

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73
Q

Definition: Conductors

A

Materials that allow electricity to flow easily (Metals like aluminum, iron, nickel, silver, and gold)

74
Q

Definition: Electric Circuit

A

The path or circuit an electrical current flows. If the path breaks, then electrons will not move

75
Q

Definition: Static Electricity

A

When electrical charges build up or increase on the surface of a material (A surface becomes positively, or negatively charged)

76
Q

Traits of Light

A
  • Travels in perfectly straight lines
  • Can be reflected
  • When white light passes through a prism, it breaks into the various colors
77
Q

Celsius Temperature

A

0 is freezing, 100 is boiling of water

78
Q

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

A

F = (9/5)C + 32

79
Q

Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion

A

C = (5/9) (F - 32)

80
Q

Definition: Heat Conduction

A

The spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature (aka DIRECT TOUCH)

81
Q

Definition: Thermal Radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of an object (aka gives off heat)

82
Q

Definition: Convection

A

When hot air rises over cool air (due to density) convection occurs. Example: Steam rising out of tea kettle

83
Q

How does an incandescent light bulb work?

A

An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light

84
Q

How does a fluorescent lamp work?

A

A gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor, which produce a shortwave ultraviolet light.

85
Q

Definition: Refraction

A

The reason why objects appear bent as light passes from one transparent object into another. Refraction is responsible for rainbows

86
Q

Definition: Reflection

A

Occurs when light travels in a straight line

87
Q

Law of Reflection

A

For smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface, equals the angle at which it is reflected

88
Q

Optics and Refraction

A

Refraction occurs when light waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another index.

89
Q

Definition: Renewable Energy

A

Energy that is generated from natural resources, like sunlight, wind, rain, etc.

90
Q

Definition: Nonrenewable energy

A

Energy that is generated from finite resources and will eventually dwindle (example, fossil fuels)

91
Q

What is the most universal process of life?

A

Reproduction

92
Q

Types of Fungi

A

Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms

93
Q

How do fungi eat?

A

They are either parasites or exist of waste products and decaying organisms

94
Q

Definition: Saprophytes

A

Organisms that exist on waste products and decaying organism

95
Q

Definition: Lichens

A

Two organisms, a fungus and an alga, living together symbiotically

96
Q

Definition: Ovule

A

In seed plants, the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed

97
Q

Ovule and Flowering Plants

A

The ovule is located within the actual flower and is attached to the funiculus, or the plant equivalent of the umbilical cord

98
Q

Definition: Photosynthesis

A

Metabolic Pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy

99
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

100
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

The process in which sugar made by plants is oxidized that releases energy

101
Q

Smallest amount of living matter?

A

The cell

102
Q

Cells packed together have what kind of walls?

A

Flattened walls

103
Q

Is the cell membrane semi-permeable?

A

Yes

104
Q

What is the main material in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

105
Q

What does the centrosome do? Where is it located?

A

Helps with cell division, located in the cytoplasm

106
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They construct protiens

107
Q

What is the nickname of the mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the Cell, they help with metabolism

108
Q

What is a plastid?

A

A plastid is a plant cell body that contains chlorophyll to help with photosynthesis

109
Q

What do all eukaryotic cells have?

A

Nucleus

110
Q

What are types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant, animals, fungi, algae

111
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To maintain the integrity of the genes and control the cell’s activities by regulating gene expression

112
Q

Definition: Chloroplasts

A

Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosythesis

113
Q

What do mitochondria produce?

A

ATP

114
Q

How are animals and plants classified into phyla?

A

Based on their cells, tissues, organs, and overall organization

115
Q

Definition: Digestion

A

The breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed

116
Q

What is the structure in the small intestine that absorbs nutrients?

A

Villi (small projections)

117
Q

When does the digestive process start?

A

With saliva, which helps prepare the food and digestive enzymes

118
Q

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

A

The small intestine

119
Q

Definition: Circulatory system

A

Organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases, and stabilizes body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis

120
Q

Do humans have a closed or open circulatory system?

A

Closed, meaning the blood never leaves the network of veins, arteries, and capillaries

121
Q

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

122
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

A loop through through the lungs where blood is oxygenated

123
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

a loop through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood

124
Q

How much blood does an average adult have in their bodies?

A

5-6 quarts

125
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

126
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

oxygen and hemoglobin

127
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A

To fight infection

128
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

Initiate the clotting necessary to stop bleeding after a wound

129
Q

What is dissolved into the plasma of blood?

A

Nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes

130
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system for humans/mammals?

A

Gas exchange (CO2 for O2) through diffusion

131
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Right and Left atrium

132
Q

What are the lower chambers called?

A

Right and Left ventricle

133
Q

What other organ plays a role in the respiratory system for amphibians?

A

Their skin

134
Q

Do plants have a respiratory system?

A

Yes, it is the opposite of animals (they take in CO2 and release O2)

135
Q

What is the sensory system?

A

Specialized structures that initiate a nerve impulse after being affected by the environment

136
Q

What are the parts of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves that extend through the body

137
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell with short dendrites that carry impulses to the cell body and a long axon, which transmits the pulse further

138
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum and medulla oblongata, which operate unconsciously and automatically- in charge of automatic systems like respiration

139
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the brain and receives information from senses and makes conscious decisions (frontal lobe, temporal lobe, etc)

140
Q

What do autotrophs do?

A

They produce usable energy, using light from the sun or inorganic material

141
Q

How do heterotrophs gain energy?

A

They take in organic compounds from the environment

142
Q

What is the primary element in organisms?

A

Carbon

143
Q

Why is carbon the “basis of life”?

A

It has great affinity for bonding with other small atoms

144
Q

What is ecology?

A

The general science that studies living organisms

145
Q

What is pedology?

A

The science of soil

146
Q

What is the central principle of ecology?

A

Each living organism has an ongoing and continual relationship with every other thing that makes up its environment

147
Q

What is a food pyramid?

A

It illustrates how energy is produced through plants (primary producer), and moves up the food chain through primary (herbivores), secondary, and tertiary consumers, and show the loss of energy

148
Q

How are nutrients returned to the ecosystem?

A

Through decomposition

149
Q

Definition: Biogeochemical cycle

A

The entire movement of chemicals in an ecosystem

150
Q

Defintion: Adaptation

A

Characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection and increases the fitness of its possessor

151
Q

What are three types of adaptations?

A

Structural, behavioral, and physiological

152
Q

What are structural adaptations?

A

Special body parts of an organism that help it survive (skin color, shape, etc.)

153
Q

What are behavioral adaptations?

A

Special ways a particular organism behaves to survive in its natural habitat

154
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (making venom, homeostasis)

155
Q

If the number of species in an ecosystem is higher, then…

A

the number of stimuli is also higher

156
Q

What happens when a sub population go extinct in an environment?

A

Another sub-population disperses into the environment and replaces the extinct one

157
Q

What is a food web?

A

An interconnected energy system that demonstrates alternate energy links available to an organism

158
Q

What is a food chain?

A

Describe the eating relationship between species within an ecosystem

159
Q

What is metamorphis?

A

A distinct change in physical appearance an organism can go through between birth and adulthood

160
Q

What is the lifecycle of a frog?

A

Egg–> Tadpole –> Tadpole with legs –> Adult frog –> Egg

161
Q

What is the lifecycle of a butterfly?

A

Egg –> Larval/Caterpillar –> Pupa/Chrysalis –> Adult butterfly –> Egg

162
Q

What is the dominant type of plant?

A

Flowering Plants

163
Q

What are flowers actually?

A

They are the reproductive organs of the plants

164
Q

What is the purpose of the anther in a flower?

A

Produces the male gametophytes

165
Q

How is sperm produced in flowers?

A

Pollen grains, which attach to the stigma

166
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A

Self-pollination or cross pollination

167
Q

Definition: Asexual reproduction

A

A form of reproduction that does not involve meiosis (aka fertilization)

168
Q

What types of cells typically reproduce asexually?

A

Single Celled organisms, such as archaea, bacteria, and protists

169
Q

Definition: Meiosis

A

A process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half

Occurs in all eukaryotes

170
Q

Definition: Mitosis

A

Cell division, the division of the parent cell’s genome into two daughter cells

171
Q

What is the order of Mitosis?

A

Interphase (duplication) –> Prophase –> Metaphase (pulling of the sister chromatids apart) –> Anaphase (new nuclei are formed around chromatids) –> Telophase (splitting of cell into two with distinct nuclei and chromosomes)

172
Q

Definition: Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

173
Q

Definition: Natural Selection

A

The mechanism by which evolution may take place within a given population of organisms

174
Q

Who introduced the term “natural selection”?

A

Charles Darwin

175
Q

What are the two main types of planets?

A

Large, low-density gas giants and smaller rocky terrestrials

176
Q

What are the four terrestrial planets of our solar system?

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

177
Q

What are the four gas giants?

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

178
Q

Definition: Comets

A

Small solar system body that orbits the sun, and when close enough to the sun, exhibits a tail

179
Q

Definition: Asteroid

A

Bodies (primarily of the inner solar system) that are smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids (excluding comets)

180
Q

Identification of comets vs asteroids

A

The comet has a tail, an asteroid does not

181
Q

Definition: Lunar Eclipse

A

Darkening of the moon as the earth passes between it and the sun, casting a shadow on the moon

182
Q

Definition: Solar Eclipse

A

Takes place when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, with the moon blocking the sunlight for about 2 minutes

CSET 2 (1 decks)

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