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Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Isotope

A
  • It is where the atoms of an element have the same number of protons but different neutrons.
  • Isotopes have same atomic number different mass

eg carbon has three isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons, and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons, but all three isotopes have 6 protons in their nuclei, making them all carbon atoms.

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2
Q

What is a molecule

A

A collection of 2 or more atoms

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3
Q

What is a Neutron

A

Uncharged subatomic particle of an atom

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4
Q

What observations when burn magnesium

A

Gives off heat
Burns bright
White powder
Fast Reaction

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5
Q

What is a valence electron

A

They are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, determining its chemical properties and bonding behavior.

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6
Q

What is metalic bonding

A
  • Metallic bonding occurs when a group of metal atoms share valence electrons.
  • The electrons that can move freely between the metal ions.
  • These shared electron makes metals good conductors of electricity and heat
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7
Q

What makes metal malleable

A
  • Because electrons free to move
  • When a force is applied, the free electrons help the metal atoms slide past each other without breaking the bonds.
  • This allows the metal to change shape without fracturing,
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8
Q

What is an Ion

A
  • Ions are charged particles.
  • It is an atom that has lost or gained an electron
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9
Q

Where are protons found?

A

In the nucleus - they cannot be gained or lost

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10
Q

What is a covalent bond

A
  • A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that forms when two non metal atoms share pairs of electron
  • Sharing of electrons creates a strong bond that holds the atoms together to form molecules.
  • They remain neutral
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11
Q

What are cations

A
  • Cations are positively charged ions formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.
  • This loss of electrons results in the atom having more protons than electrons, giving it a net positive charge.
  • Cations are typically formed by metals, which tend to lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration,
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12
Q

What are anions

A
  • Negative Ions

Examples include chloride ions (Cl⁻), oxide ions (O²⁻), and nitride ions (N³⁻).

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13
Q

Where are metals and non-metals placed on the periodic table

A
  • Metals on left
  • Non metals on right
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14
Q

Why are metals good conductors of electricity?

A

Because they have free-moving electrons that can carry electric charge easily.

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15
Q

What 2 metals have most violent reaction?

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A

Potassium and Sodium

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16
Q

What 3 metals do not react?

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A

Copper Silver Gold

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17
Q

In an atom what is uncharged?

A

Neutron

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18
Q

How is the periodic table ordered?

A

In order of atomic number and those with similar properties /reactivity properties

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19
Q

If the electron arrangement is 2,8 what is the symbol. And what is the characteristic of this element/

A

Ne
Full outer shell of electrons

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20
Q

If you react magnesium with hydrochloric acid what gas will be collected

A

Hydrogen

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21
Q

If you lit hydrogen - what would you expect to happen?

A

Pop and red flash of light

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22
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

A
  • You subtract the number of protons (which is the atomic number) from the mass number.
  • The mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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23
Q

Describe what makes something a living thing

A

MRS GREN:

  • Movement
  • Reproduction
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Respiration
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
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24
Q

What is a Species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

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25
Q

What is a population?

A

It is a member of the same species living in the same geographical area

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26
Q

What is a community?

A

Interaction of populations of living things found in a habitat

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27
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A
  • An ecosystem is all the living and non-living factors of an area and how they interact with each other.
  • They can be natural, such as the ocean.
  • Or man-made: eg a vegetable garden is an ecosystem!
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28
Q

What is a biotic factor

A

All living organisms in an ecosystem
eg tree, mouse

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29
Q

What is an abiotic factor

A

All non living organisms in an ecosystem
eg rain, temperature

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30
Q

What is ecology?

A

It is the study of living things, their interactions and their environment.

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31
Q

What are ecologists?

A

People who study ecology

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32
Q

Where does all energy in the ecosystem come from?

A

The sun

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33
Q

Describe how plants capture light energy

A

Using photosynthesis they convert CO2, water sunlight into glucose

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34
Q

What is a food chain?

A
  • Shows how energy is transferred from one organism to another.
  • Starting with plants
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35
Q

In food chain what is a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer

A
  • A producer is an organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis eg plant
  • A primary consumer eats producers
  • A secondary consumer eats primary consumers
  • A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers.
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36
Q

What is a trophic level in food chain?

A

The levels of the food chain

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37
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • The relationship between two species.
  • In symbiotic relationships, at least one of the species involved benefits from the relationship.
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38
Q

Mutualism

A

Is where both species benefit

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39
Q

Commensalism

A

Where one species benetifts and the other not harmed - eg barnicle on whale

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40
Q

Paratism

A

Where one harmed and the other benefits

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41
Q

How have humans impacted habitat destruction

A
  • Clearing land for agriculture
  • Housing development
  • Pollution and mining,
  • These destroys the ecosystem of many plants and animals which alters the food web by changing species present
42
Q

What is Pollution?

A
  • Pollution is when harmful substances get into the environment (air, water, or soil)
  • It causes damage to living things and ecosystems.
43
Q

Describe Biodegradable and Non Biodegradable pollutants

A
  • Biodegradable pollutants are substances that can be broken down by living organisms into harmless substances over time - like food waste.
  • Non-biodegradable pollutants are substances that do not break down and stay for a long time, causing harm eg plastic.
44
Q

What is Eutrophication

A
  • Eutrophication is when too many nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus, enter water, usually from fertilizers or sewage.
  • This causes excessive growth of algae and plants, which cuts oxygen levels in the water, leading to death of aquatic life.
45
Q

What is biodiversity

A

Biodiversity refers to the variety and number of living organisms populations in ecosystem including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms

46
Q

What is conservation

A
  • It is the looking after the worlds biodiversity
  • This reducing the number of species becoming extinct
47
Q

What is biodiversity affected by

A

Climate Change
Habitat destruction
Over harvesting
Pollution

48
Q

Why is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increasing?

A

Burning fossil fuels
Large scale forestry

49
Q

What is the effect of increasing carbon dioxide?

A

Global Warming
Respiratory disease

50
Q

What happens when a primary consumer (rabbit) is eliminated from an ecosystem?

A
  • When a primary consumer is eliminated it disrupts the food chain
  • Eg if rabbits (primary consumers) die, grass will increase because there are no rabbits eating it.
  • The animals that eat rabbits will have less food, which could see thier population decrease.
  • It has a chain reaction that can affect many different animals
51
Q

What is an element

A

A substance with only one type of atom

52
Q

How do the phyiscal properties of elements differ?

A

Boiling point, heat, electrical conductivity, solid, liquid, gas

53
Q

How is Periodic Table organised

A

Smallest to biggest

54
Q

What is atomic number

A

The smallest number in atom box and = the number of protons

55
Q

How do you calculate neutrons

A

Take away Protons (the atomic number) with the mass

56
Q

What does Mass number represent?

A

Protons and neutrons in that element

57
Q

What does diatomic mean and what are the 7 elements

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A
  • Diatomic simply means that a molecule is made up of two atoms of the same element bonded together
  • They never want to be alone
  1. Hydrogen (H2)
  2. Nitrogen (N2)
  3. Fluorine (F2)
  4. Oxygen (O2)
  5. Iodine (I2)
  6. Chlorine (Cl2)
  7. Bromine (Br2)
58
Q

What a the qualities of a metal?

A

Shiny
High melting points
Good conductors of electricity
Good conductors of heat
High density
Malleable

59
Q

Why would you repeat an experiment three times?

A

To have more reliable results

60
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Is something in an experiment that changes on purpose in an experiment to see what effect it has on dependent variable

61
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A
  • It is what is being measured or observed in an experiment;
  • it changes dependent on the independent variable.
62
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A
  • The variable that kept constant or unchanged
  • To ensure that any effects are due to the independent variable and not other factors.
63
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area

64
Q

What are Pressure, Force and Area measured in?

A
  • P Pressure - Pa Pascal
  • F Force - N Newton
  • A Area - m² Metres squared
65
Q

How do you calculate density?

A

Density= Volume/Mass
​

66
Q

What is the unit of density?

A

grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

67
Q

What does density mean?

A
  • How closely packed particles are in a solid, liquid and a gas.
68
Q

What is symbol for Potassium

A

K

69
Q

What is symbol for Sodium

A

Na

70
Q

What is symbol for Copper

A

Cu

71
Q

What is symbol for Iron

A

Fe

72
Q

What is symbol for Silver

A

Ag

73
Q

What is symbol for Mercury

A

Hg

74
Q

What is chemical formula for Sodium Chloride

A

NaCl

75
Q

What is chemical formula for Hydrogen Peroxide

A

H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide is a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to two oxygen atoms.

76
Q

On a line graph where does the independent variable go?

A

Horizontal - X axis

77
Q

Always start numbeing axis from?

A

Zero

78
Q

What does the line graph need to have on it?

A

Title, best fit line, label axis, axes even steps, circle error points, graph should cover half of page

79
Q

In a line graph what order should the title be?

A

Vertical then Horizontal

80
Q

Where should change variable go on the graph?

A

Horizontal line

81
Q

What do primary consumers eat?

A

Plants - Herbivores

82
Q

What do secondary consumers eat

A

Animals - Carnivores

83
Q

What is velocity?

A

Velocity is the rate of change of distance with time it is measured as metres per second.

84
Q

What is weight, how do you calculate

A

F= M x G
Unit is N (newton)
The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the mass times the acceleration of gravity.

85
Q

How to calculate Pressure

A

Pressure = Force/Area
Unit is Pascal
In Physics, pressure is a measure of how much force is acting on a certain area.
Solids, liquids and gases can all exert pressure

86
Q

Why does weight change depending on where you are?

A

The weight of an object is not the same everywhere because the size of the force of gravity is not the same everywhere – the force of gravity is less on the moon than on the Earth, so, the weight of the object is less on the moon than on the Earth.

87
Q

What is Mass?

A

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.

88
Q

Is Mass the same everywhere in the universe?

A

YES.
Mass is the same everywhere in the universe.

89
Q

Can you change density of a gas?

A

Yes
This is because the particles can be different distances apart. This means you can change the volume without changing the mass.

90
Q

Can you change the density of a solid or a liquid?

A

No
You cannot change the density of a liquid or solid.

This is because the mass and volume are linked: to increase the volume you have to increase the mass by the same amount.

91
Q
A
92
Q

What is Force?

A

A force is a push or a pull.
Eg, when you push open a door you must apply a force to the door. You also must apply a force to pull open a drawer.

93
Q

Explain why snow shoes work.

A

Snow shoes have a much large surface area than say a sneaker.
This spreads spread the force over a larger area and reduce the pressure on the snow - this stops people sinking into the snow.

94
Q

Explain why tractor tyres work

A

Tractor tyres are wide - this reduces the pressure they exert and are less likely to sink in to wet ground

95
Q

Define Pressure

A

Pressure is force per unit area.

96
Q

Why is a sharp knife easier to cut with

A

When using a sharp knife, the small area of the blade creates a large pressure, making cutting easier.

97
Q

What is friction

A

Friction is a force that always opposes motion.
It acts in the opposite direction to the one in which the box is moving.

98
Q

What is an example of a non contact force

A

Non-contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are not physically touching each other.

Example: Magnetic force, gravity

99
Q

What is a contact force?

A

Forces that act between two objects which are physically touching each other.

Example: friction

100
Q

What happens with non balanced forces

A

When the forces acting on an object do not balance, the resultant force causes the object to accelerate in the direction of the resultant force.

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