SCIENCE Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
The circulating fluid is the blood
★ Cycle:
A
heart - artery - capillaries - cells, tissues - capillaries - veins - back
to heart.
2
Q
The circulating fluid is the hemolymph
★ Cycle:
A
heart - arterial system - cells, tissues - sinuses (body spaces) - back
to the heart via diffusion
3
Q
- Responsible for transporting oxygen
A
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
4
Q
- Fight foreign invaders in the body.
A
Leukocytes (WBCs)
5
Q
- Aid in blood clotting.
A
Thrombocytes (platelets)
6
Q
The fluid component of the blood, it is composed of water,
proteins, and other solutes
A
Plasma
7
Q
Carry blood away from the heart
A
artery
8
Q
carry blood from the heart
A
veins
9
Q
site of gas exchange
A
capillaries
10
Q
The parts of the heart can be grouped into three —
A
the chambers, the vessels, and the
valves.
11
Q
Two atria and two ventricles - left atrium and left ventricle, receive oxygenated
A
Chambers
12
Q
the biggest artery
A
Aorta
13
Q
- largest veins
A
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
14
Q
carry blood away from the heart
A
Pulmonary arteries
15
Q
carry blood toward the heart
A
Pulmonary veins
16
Q
Four valves are present in the heart - they prevent backflow of the blood
A
★ Mitral valve
★ Tricuspid valve
★ Pulmonary valve
★ Aortic valve
17
Q
- Characterized by random swelling in any arterial wall but usually in the aorta.
- It’s undetected until the swelling bursts or blocks the blood flow.
- treatment for this is prescription drugs, and surgeries to avoid rupture and repair
arteries.
A
Aneurysm
18
Q
- Fats, cholesterol, cellular debris, calcium, and other substances build up in the wall of
an artery. - Depends on which artery is affected
● Carotid artery - weakness, breathing difficulty, headache, facial numbness, and
paralysis.
● Coronary artery - vomiting, anxiety, chest pain, and coughing
● Renal artery - loss of appetite, hand and feet swelling, and difficulty
concentrating. - treatment includes changes in lifestyle, different medications, and surgery
A
Atherosclerosis
19
Q
- It involves heart defects from birth. It can be defects in the walls of the heart, heart
valves, and blood vessels near the heart. - Severe defects in newborns include rapid breathing, cyanosis, fatigue, and poor blood
circulation. - treatments involve the intake of medicines, catheter procedures, surgical procedures,
and heart transplants
A
Congenital Heart defects
20
Q
- Also known as high blood pressure. The force of blood against the arterial walls.
A
Hypertension
21
Q
- If an individual lacks clotting proteins. Hence, his or her blood doesn’t normally clot.
- Symptoms are excessive bleeding(when injured, after dental surgery, or dental work),
deep bruises, blood in urine, and unusual bleeding after vaccinations. - Depending on the severity, it can be treated with prescription hormones, clotting
factor infusion of blood, or plasma infusion.
A
Hemophilia
22
Q
- wherein food is broken down in the cells with the help of oxygen to release
energy.
A
respiratory
22
Q
Characterized by a damaged vessel supplying blood to the heart.
A
Coronary Heart disease
23
Q
respiratory gasses are obtained and expelled through inhalation and
exhalation, respectively.
A
Breathing
23
- the physical process of inhalation and exhalation wherein oxygen is
obtained and carbon dioxide is expelled.
breathing
23
Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli of the lungs and
blood.
External respiration
23
the blood transports the oxygen from the alveoli
to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the alveoli.
Transport of respiratory gases
23
gas exchange occurs between the blood and cells.
Internal respiration
23
first entry of the inhaled air.
nose
23
lined with mucus that traps microorganisms and other debris
in the inhaled air.
Vestibule region
23
like structure in your nose.
Cilia - tiny hair
24
warms inhaled air so that its temperature comes close to
the normal body temperature (37)
Respiratory region -
25
also known as the throat, common chamber for inhaled air and ingested
food.
the pharynx
26
- whenever bolus goes down the esophagus it lowers down, closing the
windpipe.
Epiglottis
26
it is open when a person is breathing.
Larynx
27
also known as windpipe. It is surrounded by hyaline cartilage that gives
strength and flexibility to the tracheal muscles.
Trachea
28
are branches of the trachea which is the entry point of the air
to the lungs
Bronchi and bronchioles
28
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
28
these are wrapped DNA molecules
Chromosomes
29
● airways became narrow, and swelling was evident.
● Symptoms include difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of
breath.
● Treatments are breathing exercises, rescue or first aid treatments, and long-term
medications
Asthma
30
- is the functional unit of heredity
Gene
30
● The alveoli in one or both lungs are inflamed and filled with fluid or pus.
● Symptoms are chest pain, cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and headache.
● Treatments are antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal. It also depends on the
severity of the pneumonia.
Pneumonia
30
● Airflow from the lungs is obstructed
● Difficulty in breathing, mucus production, wheezing
● Treatments are muscle relaxation to widen airways. Bullectomy is a kind of
surgery that removes abnormal air spaces.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
30
● Abnormal growth of lung cells
● Coughing blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, and hoarseness
● Visit an oncologist (doctor of cancer) for proper advice.
Lung cancer
31
DNA is wrapped in proteins
histones
32
Austrian monk, who discord inheritance through his experiments with
pea plants. He is also known as the father of Genetics.
Gregor Mendel
32
States that when a purebred or homozygous dominant trait is
crossed with the recessive trait,
Law of Dominance
32
Hydrogen bonds
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C )
33
which states that adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine
always pairs with guanine (C-G).
Chargaff rule
34
DNA cells
23 pairs
35
is when the homozygous dominant trait is crossed with
a recessive trait, the result would be the expression of a trait in between the
dominant and recessive traits.
Incomplete dominance
35
Parts of the DNA
- Deoxyribose
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen bases
36
is an alternative form of gene.
allele
37
the place where the allele is located.
locus
38
two different traits that are present in an individual.
codominance
39
characteristics that are determined by genes located on the
sex chromosomes.
Sex-linked traits
40
the many different versions of a trait that exist within a
population.
Multiple Alleles
41
the last identified individual of species has been extinguished or no longer
exists permanently.
extinction
42
means that a catastrophic event has decimated life on Earth.
Mass extinction
43
The first mass extinction 440 million years ago
Ordovician extinction
44
happened in 360 MYA. An algal bloom was the reason for
extinction.
Devonian extinction
45
happened in 252 MYA. This mass extinction is considered the
deadliest because 96% of life back then was lost
Permian extinction
46
happened 201 MYA. One theory suggests that tons of CO²
were in the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions.
Triassic extinction
47
happened in 66 MYA. According to theories an asteroid
hit Earth in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and wiped out all dinosaurs along
with roughly 60% of all life on Earth.
Cretaceous extinction
