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SCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major steps in the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation: Notice something interesting.
  2. Hypothesis: Make a guess you can test.
  3. Experiment: Try it out.
  4. Conclusion: See what happened and why.
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2
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The thing you change.

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3
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The thing you measure.

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4
Q

What are the two parts of a hypothesis?

A
  1. If: The condition you set.
  2. Then: What you expect to happen.
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5
Q

Why is variable measurement important?

A

You need to measure or describe variables to collect clear data.

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6
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

A

Hypothesis: A testable guess.
Prediction: A specific outcome you expect.

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7
Q

What should be included in recording equipment details?

A

Write down equipment details for accuracy.

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8
Q

What should step-by-step procedures include?

A

Write clear steps in order for others to follow.

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9
Q

What are controlled variables?

A

Variables you keep the same to ensure fair results.

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10
Q

What should results tables contain?

A

Tables should have a title, headings, and units.

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11
Q

What is the difference between continuous and discrete data?

A

Continuous Data: Can be measured on a scale.
Discrete Data: Separate categories or counts.

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12
Q

What should bar and line graphs include?

A

Include a title, axis labels, and a legend if needed.

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13
Q

What is the curve of best fit?

A

A line that shows a general trend in data.

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14
Q

How do you describe relationships in data?

A

Explain how one variable affects another based on data.

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15
Q

What is interpolation?

A

Estimate within data points.

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16
Q

What is extrapolation?

A

Estimate beyond data points.

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17
Q

What should you do when spotting inconsistencies in data?

A

Spot unusual data and think about why they happened.

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18
Q

What is validity in an experiment?

A

Check if the experiment measures what it should.

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19
Q

What is reliability in results?

A

Results are reliable if they’re consistent.

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20
Q

What are outliers?

A

Unusual data points. Look for reasons or check for mistakes.

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21
Q

What are the headings in a scientific report?

A

Title, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References.

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22
Q

What is the difference between a test group and a control group?

A

The test group gets the treatment, the control group doesn’t.

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23
Q

What are types of errors in experiments?

A

Systematic Errors: Consistent issues.
Random Errors: Minor variations.

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24
Q

What should improved methods suggest?

A

Suggest ways to make the experiment more accurate.

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25
What should writing conclusions summarize?
Summarize results and connect them to the hypothesis.
26
What is potential energy?
Stored energy based on position or condition.
27
Give examples of potential energy.
1. Book on a shelf (gravitational). 2. Compressed spring (elastic). 3. Charged battery (chemical).
28
What is kinetic energy?
Energy due to movement.
29
Give examples of kinetic energy.
1. Moving car. 2. Walking person. 3. Flowing river.
30
What are the forms of potential energy?
Chemical, gravitational, elastic, nuclear.
31
What are the forms of kinetic energy?
Thermal, sound, electrical, light.
32
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy isn’t created or destroyed, just transferred or transformed.
33
Give an example of energy conservation.
Roller coaster has potential energy at the top, which becomes kinetic energy as it goes down.
34
What is energy transfer?
Energy moves from one object to another (e.g., heat moving from stove to pot).
35
What is energy transformation?
Energy changes form (e.g., electrical energy in a bulb becomes light and heat).
36
What is an example of energy transfer?
Heat → Metal spoon in hot tea → Warm spoon.
37
What is an example of energy transformation?
Electrical energy → Lightbulb → Light + Heat.
38
What is the energy input of a battery?
Chemical energy → Electrical energy.
39
What is the energy output of a fan?
Electrical energy → Kinetic energy.
40
What is the energy output of a car engine?
Chemical energy (fuel) → Kinetic + Thermal energy.
41
What are the units of mass, length, and time?
Mass: Kilogram (kg). Length: Meter (m). Time: Second (s).
42
What is a scale diagram for movement?
Draw an object’s movement with scaled distances.
43
What is the formula for speed?
Speed = Distance / Time.
44
What is the formula for distance?
Distance = Speed × Time.
45
What is the formula for time?
Time = Distance / Speed.
46
What does a straight diagonal line on a distance-time graph indicate?
Constant speed.
47
What does a curved line on a distance-time graph indicate?
Speeding up or slowing down.
48
What is reaction distance?
Distance while reacting.
49
What is braking distance?
Distance to stop after braking.
50
What is stopping distance?
Total distance to stop (reaction + braking).
51
How do you calculate stopping distance?
Stopping Distance = Reaction Distance + Braking Distance.
52
What factors influence stopping distance?
1. Vehicle speed. 2. Road conditions (wet, dry, icy). 3. Condition of brakes and tires. 4. Driver’s reaction time.
53
What is inertia?
An object’s resistance to changing its motion.
54
How does inertia affect passengers in a vehicle?
If a car stops suddenly, inertia makes passengers keep moving forward.
55
What is the formula for force?
Force = Mass × Acceleration.
56
How do seat belts prevent injuries?
Seat belts stop passengers from moving forward suddenly and spread the force over time and area to reduce injury.
57
What is evolution?
Evolution is the process by which species change over time.
58
How does evolution lead to biodiversity?
Evolution creates different species, increasing the variety of life forms.
59
What are mutations?
A change in DNA.
60
What is a mutagen?
A factor that causes mutations.
61
What are examples of mutagens?
Examples include UV radiation, chemicals, and X-rays.
62
What is an insertion mutation?
Adding a DNA base.
63
What is a deletion mutation?
Removing a DNA base.
64
What is a substitution mutation?
Replacing one DNA base with another.
65
How does mutation create variation in a population?
Mutations introduce new traits that make individuals different from each other.
66
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is when individuals with helpful traits survive and reproduce more, passing those traits on.
67
What are the key factors of natural selection?
1. Variation: Differences among individuals. 2. Overpopulation: More offspring than can survive. 3. Selection: Some individuals are better suited to the environment. 4. Survival of the Fittest: Those best adapted survive. 5. Reproduction: Survivors pass traits to offspring.
68
How has natural selection affected giraffes?
Longer necks help reach food.
69
How has natural selection affected the peppered moth?
Moths changed color based on pollution.
70
How has natural selection affected the rock pocket mouse?
Fur color matched rocky or sandy environments.
71
Why do different finches have different beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands?
Beak shapes evolved based on the type of food available on each island.
72
How does natural selection apply to new situations?
In any environment, traits that help survival are more likely to be passed on.
73
What are selection pressures?
These are environmental factors that affect survival, like predators or food sources.
74
What is speciation?
Speciation is the formation of a new species over time.
75
What are the key steps in speciation?
1. Variation: Differences within the population. 2. Isolation: Separation of groups. 3. Selection: Traits suited to the environment are favored. 4. Time: Over time, isolated groups evolve differently.
76
What is artificial selection?
Artificial selection is when humans breed plants or animals for specific traits.
77
Give examples of artificially selected organisms.
Examples include dog breeds, farm crops, and dairy cows.
78
How is artificial selection different from natural selection?
Natural Selection: Traits are chosen by the environment. Artificial Selection: Traits are chosen by humans.
79
What is fossilization?
Fossilization is the process of preserving remains of organisms in rock.
80
What is an index fossil?
An index fossil is a fossil used to identify the age of rock layers.
81
How do fossils show evidence of evolution?
Fossils show changes in species over time, supporting evolution.
82
How do rock layers help determine fossil ages?
The position of rock layers.

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