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1
Q

What type of bond is present in the water molecule?

A

Covalent bond

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2
Q

Describe the hydrogen bond.

A

A hydrogen bond is a weak intermolecular attractive force that forms between a hydrogen (+) atom and an oxygen (-) atom.

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3
Q

Outline the property of cohesion in water and provide an example.

A

Binding together two molecules of the same type. Example: Water transport in plants when two drops of water merge.

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4
Q

Outline the property of adhesion in water and provide an example.

A

Bringing together different types of molecules. Example: Water adheres to cellulose molecules in cell walls.

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5
Q

List the properties of water.

A
  • Latent heat of vaporization
  • High boiling point
  • High specific heat capacity
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6
Q

Define hydrophilic substances and give an example.

A

Hydrophilic substances are polar substances that are chemically attracted to water and dissolve in water. Example: Glucose.

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7
Q

Define hydrophobic substances and give an example.

A

Hydrophobic substances are insoluble in water. Example: Oils.

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8
Q

Complete the monomer table for carbohydrates.

A

Monomer: Monosaccharides. Example: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Lactose.

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all reactions that occur in an organism.

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10
Q

Describe catabolism.

A

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules; food digestion is an example.

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11
Q

Describe anabolism.

A

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones; condensation linking monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides is an example.

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12
Q

Define monosaccharides.

A

One carbohydrate molecule. Example: Glucose.

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13
Q

Define disaccharide.

A

Two monosaccharides linked together. Example: Maltose.

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14
Q

Define polysaccharide.

A

Many monosaccharides linked together. Example: Starch.

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15
Q

What is the condensation process for the formation of polysaccharides?

A

It involves the loss of an -OH from one molecule and an -H from another molecule, forming H2O.

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16
Q

What is cellulose?

A

The most abundant organic molecule in nature, constituting the cell wall of plant cells.

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17
Q

What is starch?

A

A long-term store of glucose and energy in vegetables, the main source of carbohydrate nutrition for humanity.

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18
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Produced by animals and some fungi, stored in the liver and muscles, acts as an energy store.

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19
Q

List the functions of fats in living beings.

A
  • Heat insulators
  • Shock absorbers
  • Energy storage
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20
Q

Define lipid.

A

A group of carbon compounds that are insoluble in water.

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21
Q

What are monomers?

A

Building blocks of biomolecules.

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22
Q

Classify fatty acids.

A
  • Saturated: contains all hydrogen atoms, single bonds
  • Unsaturated: fewer hydrogen atoms, double bonds (Monounsaturated: one double bond; Polyunsaturated: more than one double bond)
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23
Q

What causes protein denaturation?

A
  • High temperatures
  • Low pH levels
  • High pH levels
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24
Q

List the functions of proteins.

A
  • Give structure
  • Work as chemical messengers
  • Provide immunity
  • Transport oxygen
  • Allow movement
  • Accelerate chemical processes
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25
Define proteome.
All of the proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism.
26
Define genome.
All the genes of a cell, tissue, or organism.
27
Summarize the main statements of modern cell theory.
The cell is the smallest unit of life; all units of life are made of one or more cells; all new cells come from preexisting cells.
28
Describe the seven life functions performed by living organisms.
* Nutrition * Metabolism * Growth * Response * Excretion * Homeostasis * Reproduction
29
Compare unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Multicellular organisms consist of fused cells; unicellular organisms consist of one cell that carries out all functions of life.
30
Explain how surface area/volume affects organisms.
Small organisms benefit from optimal exchange of materials; large organisms may struggle with material exchange and overheating.
31
Define emergent properties.
Characteristics of a whole organism arising from the interaction of its components.
32
Define cell differentiation.
Development of cells in different ways to carry out specific functions.
33
Define genetic differentiation.
Expression of some genes but not others.
34
What is the function of the nucleus?
Stores DNA as chromatin.
35
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
Site of cell respiration and ATP production.
36
What is the function of centrioles?
Forms and organizes spindle microtubules in cell division.
37
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Produces glucose and other compounds by photosynthesis.
38
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Involved in the modification, storing, packaging, and export of proteins.
39
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Transportation, synthesis, and packaging of proteins.
40
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides support and prevents excess water uptake.
41
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell.
42
What is the function of vacuoles?
Maintains hydrostatic pressure and stores H2O and other compounds.
43
Outline the functions of proteins in the cell membrane.
Allow molecules to pass through, form tight junctions, act as hormone receptors, facilitate communication, and enable transport.
44
Outline the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane.
Maintains integrity and mechanical stability, regulates fluidity and permeability.
45
Define endocytosis.
Moves water, small molecules, and large molecules into the cell using ATP and vesicles.
46
Define exocytosis.
Moves water, small molecules, large molecules, and waste products out of the cell using ATP and vesicles.
47
Define simple diffusion.
Moves small, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules in or out of the cell without ATP.
48
Define facilitated diffusion.
Moves small, charged ions in or out of the cell without ATP through protein channels.
49
Define osmosis.
Moves water in or out of the cell without ATP through phospholipids.
50
Define active transport.
Moves ions, small molecules, and large molecules in or out of the cell using ATP against the concentration gradient.
51
Define the theory of spontaneous generation.
Life emerges from nonliving matter.
52
Outline the findings of the Miller and Urey experiments.
Simulated early Earth's atmosphere; showed that organic molecules could form from inorganic molecules.
53
Outline the endosymbiotic theory.
Explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through symbiosis.
54
What did the Miller-Urey experiment simulate?
The conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere and oceans ## Footnote The experiment aimed to investigate the possibility that organic molecules could form biogenically through chemical reactions between inorganic molecules.
55
What organic molecules were produced in the Miller-Urey experiment?
Amino acids and other organic molecules ## Footnote This supported the theory that complex chemicals can form from simpler ones.
56
What does the endosymbiotic theory propose?
Some organelles in eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic microbes ## Footnote Lynn Margulis proposed that mitochondria and chloroplasts formed when bacteria were ingested by host cells.
57
What are the two organelles discussed in the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts ## Footnote These organelles lost their cell wall and much of their DNA due to their symbiotic relationship with host cells.
58
What was the dependent variable in the Araucaria Palm growth experiment?
Average growth in centimeters ## Footnote This was the measurement taken after 18 days of growth.
59
What was the independent variable in the Araucaria Palm growth experiment?
Light color ## Footnote The experiment tested three different light colors: red, green, and orange.
60
Which sample had greater variability in the Araucaria Palm growth experiment?
Red and orange samples ## Footnote These samples exhibited more variability compared to the others.
61
Which light color resulted in the lowest average growth for the Araucaria Palm?
Green light ## Footnote This was identified as having the lowest average growth among the samples measured.
62
What was the height of the plant when using red light?
11 centimeters ## Footnote This was the recorded height for plants grown under red light.
63
Which color of light would be best for maximizing growth in Araucaria Palms?
Red light ## Footnote This color achieved the highest average growth in the experiment.
64
What does the UDEM Honor Code state regarding academic work?
It must be carried out in strict adherence to the honor code ## Footnote Any text or reference not of the author's authorship must be cited, including AI-generated sources.
65
What are the consequences of academic dishonesty according to the UDEM Honor Code?
Graded with zero and protocols apply according to the Academic Integrity Committee ## Footnote This emphasizes the importance of integrity in academic work.

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