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science 2025 Flashcards

#tiredstudentexamrevision (55 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main function of the nervous system?

A

To transmit electrical and chemical signals through a network of neurons.

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2
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Transfers electrical impulses from the cell body to the axon terminal.

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3
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

It insulates the axon and helps keep the signal within the neuron.

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4
Q

What is a synaptic gap?

A

The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters transfer the signal.

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5
Q

What are the main components of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain specialise in?

A

Verbal tasks, like reading comprehension, writing, and speech

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7
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain specialise in?

A

Creative tasks like art, music, and also recognising emotions

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8
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Planning, decision making, emotional regulation, personality.

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9
Q

What does the parietal lobe process?

A

Sensory information such as touch and temperature.

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10
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s main function?

A

Processing visual information.

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11
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Speech, hearing, memory, emotions, and understanding language.

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12
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The brain’s process of removing unused neuron connections to improve efficiency. removing unused neurons + synaptic connections

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13
Q

Why are adolescents more impulsive?

A

Their frontal lobe is still developing, as it only fully develops by 25.

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14
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

Controls voluntary movements and reflexes.

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15
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic prepares the body for stressful situations (fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic calms it down

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16
Q

What do hormones do in the body?

A

They travel to target cells to create a response. They’re also secreted from glands.

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17
Q

What is homeostasis and what systems does it require?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Nervous and endocrine system.

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18
Q

What’s the process for the stimulus-response model?

A
  1. Receptor detect external stimulus
  2. Sensory neurons send the information to the brain/control centre
  3. The CNS/Brain decodes the information in order to make an appropriate response
  4. Messages send back to effectors, which then carry out a response
  5. The response is either positive or negative feedback
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19
Q

Define both positive and negative feedback.

A

Positive - enhances the changes in the body
Negative - counteracts the change to restore balance
(restore balance is an important line to remember)

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20
Q

What hormone raises/encourages blood glucose/sugar?

A

Glucagon

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20
Q

What hormone lowers blood glucose/sugar?

A

Insulin

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21
Q

What’s an electron’s charge?

A

Negative

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22
Q

What’s the atom’s nucleus made of?

Study These Flashcards
A

Protons + Neutrons

23
Q

How many electrons can each shell hold? State the first three only.

Study These Flashcards
A

2, 8 and then 18
(At a yr9 seal level 2, 8, 8 is expected, as backfill is covered later)

24
What's the electron configuration of Sodium, Oxygen, and Calcium?
Na - 2, 8, 1 O - 2, 6 Ca - 2, 8, 8, 2
25
What's a cation normally and what's its charge? (State the exception)
Cations are normally metals except ammonium, and they are PAWsitive charge ^3^
26
What's an anion normally and what's its charge (Don't need to state the exception)
Anions are normally non-metals, and they are NEGATIVE bc onions make you cry
27
How are ions formed and why are they created?
Ions are formed when an element loses/gains electrons, and they are created to make the element more stable by completing its shells
28
What is synthesis? Provide an example. (In terms of variables)
Synthesis is when two or more substances combine to form a new substance A + B --> AB
29
What is decomposition? Provide an example. (In terms of variables)
Decomposition takes place when a compound breaks down into simpler substances AB --> A + B
30
What's precipitation?
Two aqueous (aq) solutions combine to produce an insoluble solid AB (aq) + CD (aq) --> AD (s) + CB (aq) aqueous = dissolved in water
31
What does black smoke during a combustion reaction mean? What are its implications?
Black smoke results in an incomplete combustion, which puts individuals at risk of inhaling by-products of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) which is harmful to human health
32
What does pH measure?
Power of hydrogen determines how basic/acidic a substance is.
33
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
7
34
What is exothermic and endothermic reactions?
Exothermic releases energy into the surroundings Endothermic absorbs energy from the surroundings
35
What's combustion?
Combustion is when a Fuel and Oxygen gas combine to make Water and Carbon Dioxide Fuel + O2 --> H2O + CO2
36
Photosynthesis and respiration equation
Photosynthesis is: (Endothermic) 6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration is: (Exothermic) C6H12O6 + 6CO2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 = Glucose
37
What's contralateral organisation? What do both hemispheres have in common?
Left brain hemisphere controls right side Vice versa Also both hemispheres take part in basic motor functions
38
What is the autonomic system and what does it control?
Involuntary movement, like breathing heartrate etc.
39
What do isotopes of an element have in common?
They have the same number protons (same atomic number)
40
What don't isotopes of an element have in common?
They have a different number of neutrons (changes the mass number)
41
What's the formula for Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)?
RAM = (Isotope 1 x %abundance) + (Isotope 2 x %abundance) and add more depending on the number, and then divide the entire thing by 100 OR divide the %abundance individually and skip the /100 step for the whole thing
42
What are the differences between the nervous system and endocrine? (In terms of speed, type of signals, duration, and where the signals go).
My Answer: Nervous system: Short, electrical quick signals that travel from neuron to neuron Endocrine system: Slower, more sustained chemical signals that are released from the gland in the area AI: Nervous system: Fast, short-lasting electrical impulses that travel along neurons. Messages are sent quickly and directly to target areas (e.g. muscles or glands). Endocrine system: Slower, longer-lasting chemical signals (hormones) released by glands into the bloodstream. Hormones travel throughout the body to reach target organs.
43
How many lobes does the brain have? What are their names?
4. Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
44
What does addiction do in terms of pruning? Give examples of addictive activities.
Addictive activities like alcohol, drugs, or sexual behaviour release dopamine, a "feel-good" chemical. This makes the brain strengthen the pathways linked to that activity. At the same time, the brain is pruning unused connections. Over time, it keeps the addiction-related pathways and removes others, which makes the addiction stronger.
45
What's the fluid between the brain and skull?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
46
What organ is responsible for blood glucose regulation?
The pancreas.
47
Explain diabetes type 1 and the treatment for it.
Diabetes type 1 is a chronic lifelong condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin cells, which leads to excess blood glucose. Incurable but it can be regulated with insulin shots, lifestyle modifications and other medication
48
Explain diabetes type 2 and the treatment for it.
A condition caused by genetics, lifestyle, and obesity where the body doesn't produce enough insulin or uses it inefficiently, which can lead to insulin resistance. Treatable by lifestyle changes such as exercise and dieting, and sometimes medication.
49
Explain how to balance H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
1. Determine number of each element Hydrogen H has 2 on the left side and 2 on the right side Oxygen has 2 on the left side and only 1 on the other side 2. Make the number of Oxygen even, by putting a 2 in front of H2O, which adds a water molecule H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O 3. The hydrogen is off now with a ratio of 2 : 4 4. We add a 2 in front of the 2 hydrogen 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
50
What are the three expected examples of homeostasis that we learnt? (Hint: they all contain 'regulation')
Thermoregulation Blood-glucose regulation Osmoregulation
51
What are excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and provide examples.
Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that an action potential is fired from the neuron Inhibitory decreases the chance Excitatory - Adrenaline Inhibitory - Serotonin
52
What are the spinal regions?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal
53
When you're hot or cold your veins can either constrict or dilate. Which one's which?
Hot - Dilate Cold - Constrict
54
Derek Bartholomew Charles Dickinson III sustains an injury to the cervical spinal region. What could this result in?
Quadriplegia, and maybe even death.

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