Science Flashcards
(122 cards)
0
Q
Epithelial tissue function
A
Provide covering (skin tissue) Produce secretion (glandular tissue)
1
Q
Hierarchy of the human body structure
A
Atom Molecules Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
2
Q
Connective tissue
A
Connect different structures of the body
3
Q
Muscle tissue
A
Produce movement
4
Q
3 types of muscle tissue
A
Skeletal (voluntarily)
Smooth (involuntarily)
Cardinal (involuntarily) found only in heart
5
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Provides structure for the brain,spinal cord and nerves
6
Q
Adaptation
A
Receive,interpret,and respond to internal and external stimuli(thing) through nervous system
7
Q
Circulation
A
Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues though cardiovascular system
8
Q
Elimination
A
Remove metabolic waste from the body through renal system
9
Q
Locomotion
A
Allow voluntary or involuntary movement of the body through muscular or nervous system
10
Q
Nutrition
A
Take in and break down nutrients for metabolism though digestive system
11
Q
Oxygenation
A
Take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide through respiratory system
12
Q
Regulation
A
Hormonal control of body function through endocrine system
13
Q
Self duplication
A
Production of offspring through reproductive system
14
Q
Cells in body human body? Eukaryotic or prokayotic? What is it surrounded by
A
Eukaryotic and it’s surround by membrane
15
Q
Organelles membrane are semipermeable
True or false
A
True
16
Q
What system surrounds the entire body and protect it from the environmental stimuli and pathogens
A
Integumentary system
17
Q
How does human respond to environmental changes
A
Voluntarily (walk way)
Involuntarily (pain)
18
Q
Muscular system function
A
Movement
Moves the bones in the skeletal system
Movement is Voluntarily
19
Q
What system transports nutrients to other parts of the body
A
Cardiovascular system
20
Q
What system releases hormones that signal when and how much to grow
A
Endocrine system
21
Q
What is metabolism? What system plays major role and why
A
The use of energy by cells due to chemical reactions within cells
Digestive system and respiratory system
Because they supply nutrients and oxygen needed for metabolism
22
Q
What is circulatory system or cardiovascular system? Major organs
A
Transportation high way for the entire body
Heart,blood,and blood vessels
23
Q
What does heat do
A
Contact and pumps blood throughout the body
24
What are artery, veins and capillaries
Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to capillaries
Veins tranaport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that transport blood from Arteries to veins
25
What else is capillaries function
It's the location of nutrients and gas exchange
26
What does heart consist of? Chambers?
Heart is consist of four Chambers:
Right and left atriums
Right and left ventricles
27
Other than Chambers, what else is the the consist of
Four valves
Tricuspid and pulmonary on the right side of the heart
Mitral and aortic on the left side of the heart
28
What is the function of the valves
So that the blood doesn't flow back into the heart's chamber after a contraction
29
The flow of blood through the heart
Deoxegenated blood enter the heart through superior and inferior vena cave
The blood travels into the right atrium
During the contraction of the right atrium the blood flows through Tricuspid valve into right ventricle
When the right ventricle contracts, The blood is then pushed through the pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery and lungs. THE BLOOD PICKS UP O2
The oxygenated blood is carried back into the heart by pulmonary veins into the left atrium, through Mitral valve, and into the left ventricle
Contraction of left ventricle forces blood through the aortic valve, through aorta and out to the entire body
30
Function of respiratory system
Air exchange
breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide
31
Process of respiratory system
Inhale air through nose into Trachea and passing into right and left bronchial tubes
32
What is cilia? What system has it
Respiratory system
It keeps the airway clean by removing unwanted matters from the lungs
33
Role of red blood cell
Transport oxygen into the bloodstream
34
What is inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration: taking in oxygen air
Expiration: carbon dioxide force out of the body
35
What is diaphragms
Abdominal muscle.
When a diaphragm contracts (shrink),the chest cavity enlarges, creating negative pressure in the chest cavity and pulling air into the lungs
36
What type of 2 sytems does nervous system have
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
37
Parts of central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
38
What are the parts of peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves
39
What are peripheral Nervous sytem divided into?
Autonomic nervous system: automatic body function- heartbeat, digestion
Sensory-somatic nervous system: controls voluntary actions like talking and walking
40
Two types of Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nerves: when person is excited or scared
Parasympathetic nerves: when a person is eating or at rest
41
What are dendrites
Receive stimuli from internal and external environment
42
What is neuron
Cells that make up nervous sytem and Transmit messages
43
Relationship between neurons and dendrites
Dendrites receive stimuli and bring those to the neurons for interpretation
44
What is a reflex?
A response to react, when neurons transmit message to the spinal cord before it is transmitted to the Brain
45
Digestive system organs and accessories
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon, anus
Accessories are teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
46
What is peristalsis
Contractions that occur in the stomach and intestines, which moves food from the stomach toward the anus
47
What is microville
Increase surface area within small intestine for facilitated absorption
48
Function of immune system
Cells,tissues, and organs fight off illness and diseases
Protect the body from pathogens
49
What are Innate and adaptive defenses
Innate are nonspecific defense:
Cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes at the site of infection.
Adapted are specific defenses
action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome innate immune defenses
50
What is phagocytosis
White cells engulfing the pathogens
Innate defence example
also chemotaxis
51
What is interferon
Body's response to viral infection and prevent replication of the virus
52
What is chemotaxis
Method of which white blood cells respond to damaged body tissues
53
What is cytokines
Damaged tissue releases cytokines which attract white blood cells to the area of infection or injury
54
What is diapedesis
Process of WBC sqeezing through capillaries (in response to cytokines), to the site of damage or infection
55
Adaptive responses
Antibodies produced for invading antigens
56
2 types of adaptive responses
Active immunity and passive immunity
57
Active immunity example
Vaccine to produce antibodies with the body for future protection
58
Passive immunity example
Does not produce its own antibodies, receive from their source
Mother to child: breastfeeding
59
Mild to moderate fever benefits
Warm body fever kills more pathogens and increases the activity of white blood cell
60
What is DNA and it's function
DNA is stores genetic information
61
What is RNA and its function
Messengers within the cells
62
How is protein made
Messages stored in the bases of DNA must be transferred to the ribosomes
63
What is the process of transcription
Cells copy the instructions in DNA into RNA and sends the messenger RNA to the ribosome
64
What is process of translation
After transcription, proteins are made by ribosome from the infos and sent out to the entire cell
65
Protein production from mRNA is called
Translation
66
Description of cell wall
Helps to separate inside and outside of the cell
| They are semipermeable
67
Inner layer of cell
Cytoplasm
68
Manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA messages
Ribosome
69
Cellular movement;transfer info between two cells
Flagella
70
Organelles of prokayotic cell
Cell wall, ribosome, nucleotide, plasmids
71
Envelops the cell, is semipermeable
| Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
72
Transport materials/network within the cell
| Secretion: moving proteins from one part of the cell to another, and outside of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
73
What are two types of ER
Rough and smooth
74
Differences between rough and smooth ER
Rough is attached to ribosome
Smooth is not attach to ribosome
Synthesize Lipids and carbohydrates
75
Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins
Rough ER
76
Involved in transportation and packaging of proteins in the cell or to other parts of the cell
Works with ER
The golgi apparatus
77
3 Types of vesicles and their function
Vacuole: storage of cell
Lysosome:have digestive enzymes, cleans cells
Perixisome: rid the body of toxic components
78
Powerhouse of the cell, where atp is produced
Mitochondria
79
Forms mitotic spindles that help separate and organize the chromosomes
Microtubules
80
What helps to form mitotic spindle
Centrisomes
81
Difference between nucleus and nucleolus
Nucleus is large Organelle
Nucleulos is a small within the nucleus
82
What are eukaryotic Organelles
```
ER
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome
Plasma membrane
Vesicles: Vacuole, Lysosome, peroxisome
Mitochondria
Microtubules:centrosome
Nucleus
Nucleulos
Flagella/cilia
```
83
Plant Organelles
Same features of eukaryotic
Additional are
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
84
This Organelle contains chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
85
What is function of chlorophyll?
Allow the capture of sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesis
86
mitosis definition
Cell duplication where two daughter cells have the same nuclear material as original
87
Three steps in interphase
G1
S stage
G2
88
In what stage does the transcription of DNA into RNA occur
G1 stage when the cell's DNA is available.
89
What happens in G1
The double helix unwinds. Expose the bases
RNA base with their complimentary bases on DNA to form mRNA strand
Once the entire gene is copied into the mRNA strand, the DNA double helix closes
mRNA exists the nucleus with the information to he ribosome
90
What happens in the S stage
DNA double helix unwinds
Break the hydrogen bonds between the bases pairs (separates the bases) with the help of enzyme
Exposed bases pair with new complimentary bases
New complementary stands are synthesized with the help of DNA polymerase
Thus, two new strand of identical DNA form (one strand is the original strand)
91
What occurs in G2
Continued protein synthesis and cell growth for cell division
92
The cells have to double their DNA in order to pass one complete copy to each daughter cell
Mitosis
93
Purpose of meiosis and what's the end product
Halve the number of chromosomes
The original diploid cell will undergo two divisions to create four haploid cells
94
Separates two sets of chromosomes into different cells
Cytokinesis
95
Meiosis I result
2 haploid daughter cells
96
Result of meiosis II (after Cytokinesis)
Four haploid cells
97
Sunlight is trapped by the green pigment called
Chlorophyll
98
Organisms are able to carry out photosynthesis due to what? And why
Chloroplasts
Because it allows an autograph to use sunlight to produce glucose
In Chloroplasts co2, h2o and energy from sun are used to produce ATP
99
During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down by the process called
Glycolysis
100
Each code is composed of 3 bases. What is the code called
A codon
101
How many codons are there? And why
There are 64 codons because 64 different 3-letter combo can be formed from A,T,C and G
102
Each codon matches with specific
Amino acid. There are 20 amino acids
103
Chain of amino acids forms
A protein
104
What is responsible for the genetic traits
Proteins
105
Short to long wavelength
```
Gamma ray
Xray
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Microwave
Radio waves
```
106
Visible part of the spectrum
```
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
```
107
Energy associated with an object's motion
Kinetic energy or energy of motion
108
What happens to the kinetic energy if the velocity increases
KE increases as well
109
Kinetic energy formula
KE= 1/2 mv^2
110
Amount of stored energy is called
Potential energy
111
Potential energy formula
PE= mgh
112
What does the law of conservation say?
Energy is not lost but transferred back and forth between KE and PE
113
How to determine the mass of an element
Add the number of protons and neutrons
114
What are isotopes
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
115
How are rows (preriod) in periodic table organized?
According to increasing number of orbital shells
116
What direction is Electrons added to outer energy shell, one at a time
Left to right across a period
117
The atomic radius decreases as you go? Why
Left to right across a period because of increase in number of protons
118
Number of electrons and filled electron shells increase but valence electrons stays the same when
Move down the group
119
Ionization energy decreases and atomic radius increase when you go________
Down the group in periodic table
120
Ionization energy increases and atomic radius decreases when you move________
Left to right across the period
121
Electronegativity decreases as________
As the atomic number increases
