science 3

Question 1

What is the body organization?

Answer 1

Cell→ Tissue →Organ→ Organ System

Question 2

what are cells?

Answer 2

basic unit of an organism

Question 3

What are tissue’s?

Answer 3

group of same cells that have the same
function

Question 4

What are organs?

Answer 4

contains different tissues but performs a
specific function (activity);

example:

heart – pumps blood;

stomach – store food; begins breakdown solid food

Question 5

What are organ systems?

Answer 5

group of different organs working
together to perform a major (complex) function

Question 6

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

Answer 6

a state of balance in
nonliving, physical systems

Question 7

What is homeostasis

Answer 7

the process by
which an organism’s internal environment
is kept stable in spite of change in the
external environment

[a state of balance/stability in living,
biologic systems]

Question 8

What are the skeletons functions?

Answer 8

shape & support

move (locomotion)

protect organs

produce blood cells

store minerals

Question 9

what is the Vertebral Column?

Answer 9

backbone

Question 10

What is a vertebrate

Answer 10

disc-like small bones separated
by cartilage (protection, flexibility, movement)

Question 11

what are joints?

Answer 11

Joint: where two bones come together;
allows bones to move in different ways

Immovable joints: no movement;

Question 12

What are the ligaments?

Answer 12

tissue holding joints together;

bone to bone

Question 13

what is cartilage

Answer 13

cushion

Question 14

what are the joint types?

Answer 14

Hinge joint: forward/backward; ex: knee,
elbow

Ball & Socket Joint: free movement; ex:
shoulder, hip

Pivot Joint: side to side rotation; ex: neck

Gliding Joint: sliding motion; ex: wrist,
ankle

Question 15

What are the bone structures?

Answer 15

Bone Structure (phosphorus, calcium):

Compact Bone (outer): hard, dense;
carrying blood vessels and nerves

Spongy Bone (inner): holes (porous);
lightweight but strong

Marrow (central interior): soft tissue
inside
bone

→ Red Marrow: produces blood cells

→ Yellow Marrow: stores fat (energy)

Osteoporosis: mineral loss leading to weak,
brittle bones.

Question 16

What are involuntary muscles

Answer 16

Involuntary Muscles: not under conscious
control; example: heart beat, breathing,
digesting food

Question 17

What are voluntary muscles?

Answer 17

Voluntary Muscles: under conscious
control; example: facial expressions, walking

Question 18

What are the types of muscles?

Answer 18

Skeletal Muscles: attached to and moves
bones of the skeleton
Striated muscle
Voluntary muscle
Quick, fast but tires quickly
Tendon: attached
muscle to bone

Cardiac Muscle: heart only
striated, branching muscle
involuntary muscle
does not tire

Smooth Muscle: part of internal organs and
blood vessels.
not striated
involuntary muscle
moves slowly, tires more slowly

Question 19

What are the skin functions?

Answer 19

Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss

Regulates body temperature

Removes waste (perspiration)

Collects environmental information

Produces Vitamin D

LARGEST ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY

Skin consists of:

epidermis – outer layer

dermis – inner layer

Question 20

What is the dermis?

Answer 20

DERMIS: located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer

** contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and
oil glands, hair follicle.

Sweat glands- produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)

Oil glands – waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist

Hair follicle – site of hair growth

Below Dermis: Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone

Question 21

What is the epidermis?

Answer 21

(OUTER LAYER):

No nerves, no blood vessels

Upper Epidermis (dead cell layer) – consists
of dead cells which shed after two weeks

Lower Epidermis (skin producing factory) –
consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.

Function: protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.

Melanin – skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning

Question 22

What can you do to keep your skin healthy

Answer 22

diet

keep clean and dry

limit sun exposure

See dermotologist every year to check skin
for precancerous growths

Question 24

What is skin cancer?

Answer 24

over exposure to sunlight can
damage skin cells where cells divide
uncontrollably (basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma).

Too much Sun: skin leathery and wrinkled

Question 25

What are the digestive system function?

Answer 25

1. breakdown food into nutrient molecules 2. absorption of nutrient molecules (into Circulatory System) eliminate solid waste (Excretory System) Absorption: nutrient molecules pass through wall of small intestine into bloodstream (Circulatory System)

Question 26

What is digestion?

Answer 26

Digestion: breakdown food into nutrient molecules. Two (2) types of digestion: Mechanical Digestion: physical breakdown by chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach) Chemical Digestion: chemicals (enzymes, acids) breakdown food. Example: enzymes in mouth breakdown starch into sugars, acids in stomach breakdown proteins

Question 27

What helps with digestion?

Answer 27

Mouth: digestion begins; saliva contains water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down starches). Teeth physically breaks down food. Teeth Types: incisors: cut into pieces canines: tear, slash into pieces molars: crush and grind into powder Enzyme: protein that speed up chemical reactions

Question 28

What are the parts of the digestives syestem?

Answer 28

Esophagus: muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach. Epiglottis: flap (sheet) of tissue which seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs. Peristalsis: involuntary muscular contractions that push food toward stomach and through intestines. Stomach: holds/stores food; where protein breakdown begins: mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes) occurs. Digestive Juice: HCL acid and pepsin (enzyme). Pepsin: enzyme that breaks down protein. HCL Acid: chemical that breaks down solid food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria Mucus: covers stomach wall which protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in stomach wall)

Question 29

what happens in the stomach.

Answer 29

Stomach cells are quickly replaced if damaged or worn. Chyme: solid food is broken down into thick liquid paste

Question 30

what is evolution?

Answer 30

physical change of an organism over time is evolution

Question 31

the sequence of of the vertebrate evolution?

Answer 31

chordate- pre-backbone,flexible rod,nerve cord,notochord,this evolved to fish fish-back bones, evolved to amphibians ,2 chambered hearts amphibian-have 2 chambered hearts when young but when a adult 3 chambered heart,evolved to reptiles reptile-3 chambered hearts except alligators evolved to mammals also dinosaurs also evolved to birds. mammals-4 chambered hearts birds and bird flight-4 chambered hearts

Question 32

why did animals hearts during evolution go to 2 3 and 4 chambered hearts?

Answer 32

this because of reparation you take oxygen and food to make energy this was for survival

Question 33

What was the egg evolution?

Answer 33

fish-jelly eggs amphibian-jelly reptile-leathery mammals-monotreans hard shell eggs placentals-develops inside inside mother birds -hard shell egg

Question 34

what is behavior?

Answer 34

a thing that a organism is used to doing.

Question 35

what are Stimulus?

Answer 35

a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.

Question 36

what is a Response?

Answer 36

Response an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. (All animal behaviors are caused by stimuli)

Question 37

what is Instinct?

Answer 37

behavior without being taught (not learned); a response that is inborn (coded in the genes) and performed correctly the first time.

Question 38

what is Learned Behavior?

Answer 38

what is Learned Behavior?

Question 39

what does Imprinting mean?

Answer 39

newborn recognizes and follows the first moving object they see

Question 40

what are Conditioning?

Answer 40

a specific stimulus or response leads to a good or a bad outcome (e.g., Pavlov’s dog, salivate at the sound of a bell).

Question 41

what is Trial-and-Error Learning?

Answer 41

repeat practice that results in a reward and avoids behaviors that result in a punishment.

Question 42

what is Insight Learning?

Answer 42

using what you know to solve a problem.

Question 43

what is Communication?

Answer 43

animals use sounds, scents, body movements to communicate.

Question 44

what are Pheromone?

Answer 44

a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species (e.g., ant pheromone trail).

Question 45

what is Aggression?

Answer 45

a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another animal. Aggression is due to competition over limited resources (food, water, space, shelter, and mates).

Question 46

courtship behavior

Answer 46

Courtship Behavior: behavior to prepare for mating.

Question 47

Group Behavior

Answer 47

beneficial for safety in numbers and sharing (cooperation) in work, food, water, shelter.

Question 48

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 48

behavior cycles that occur over a day (e.g., awake/work daylight, sleep night time).

Question 49

Hibernation

Answer 49

: sleep/reduced activity during winter in which the need for food has stopped.

Question 50

Migration:

Answer 50

routine, seasonal journey of an animal from one place to another and back again.