Science Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Self-duplication
A
Production of offspring via the reproductive system
2
Q
Regulation
A
Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
3
Q
Oxygenation
A
Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
4
Q
Elimination
A
Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
5
Q
Circulation
A
Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissue via the cardiovascular system
6
Q
Adaptation
A
Receive, interpret and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
7
Q
Urinary system (excretory)
A
Maintains water and electrolyte balance
Regulates blood ph balance
Removes nitrogen wastes which are byproducts of protein and nucleic acid
8
Q
Lymphatic system
A
Support immune system by transporting and housing WBC to and from lymph nodes
Returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into blood vessels
9
Q
4 types of tissue
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
10
Q
Theory
A
A broad statement that is thought to be true.
May be proven incorrect with data collection.
11
Q
Inference
A
Draws conclusion without direct observation
12
Q
Conclusion
A
The purpose of a scientific process is to develop the conclusion.
Explanation supported by data must be consistent with the hypothesis
13
Q
Analysis
A
Scientists analyze data collected during experimentation. Researchers must determine if the data is reliable and whether or not is supports the hypothesis
14
Q
Experimentation
A
Compares a control group and an experimental group. Both equally represent population. Their differences is based on one variable.
15
Q
Data collection
4 steps
A
- Observation
- Measurement
- Samples
- Organization
16
Q
Scientific arguments / investigation
A
- Problem identification
- Question asking
- Hypothesis development
- Data collection and experimentation
- Analysis
- Conclusion
17
Q
3 steps of a hypothesis
A
- Identify a problem
- Ask a question
- Formulate a hypothesis
18
Q
Quantitative
A
Numerical measurement of a value, quantity, volume, length, etc.
19
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
Method of arriving at general principles from specific facts
Relies on preponderance of info that leads to a certain degree of confidence in a conclusion
20
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
Method whereby conclusions follow from general principles
Specific conclusion
21
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of structure organs and body systems
22
Q
Physiology
A
The study of the function of the organs and body systems
23
Q
Atoms
A
The smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element.
24
Q
Molecule
A
Chemical bonding of atoms that possess its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves
25
Cells
The basic unit of life
26
Tissues
Cells that combine in terms of function and type
27
Organ
2 or more tissues work together to perform a specific function. It is possible at this level to perform extremely complex functions
28
Organ systems
Organs work together to perform a task
29
Organism
Highest level of organization
| The result of all organ systems working together within the body
30
Hierarchy of structure of the human body (small-large)
Atom ~ molecule ~ cells ~ tissue ~ organs ~ organ systems ~ organism
31
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts takes in oxygenated air
32
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is forced out of the body
33
Alveoli
In the lungs they are tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries.
| Permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
34
Cilia (in lungs)
Tiny hairs that keep airways clean by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
35
```
Respiratory system
(Order air passes through)
```
Nose~trachea~right and left bronchial tubes~alveoli~blood stream
36
Flow of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood enters superior vena cava ~ right atrium ~ tricuspid valve ~ right ventricle ~ pulmonary valve ~ pulmonary artery and lungs. Oxygenated blood carried back to heart by pulmonary veins ~ left atrium ~ mitral valve ~ left ventricle-aortic valve~ aorta ~ entire body
37
Hearts 4 valves
* prevents flow of blood back to chambers after a contraction
Left side: mitral, aortic
Right side: tricuspid, pulmonary
38
Four chambers of the heart
Right and left atriums and the right and left ventricles
39
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that transport blood from the arteries to the veins within the body
Location for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and nutrients
40
Veins
| Heart
Blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
41
Arteries
Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
42
Ways that the organ systems interact
- maintain boundaries
- responding to environmental changes
- moving
- ingesting and digesting
- reproduction
- growing
- excreting
- metabolizing
43
Involuntary movement
Muscular tissue in the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, urinary and respiratory systems
44
Eukaryotic cells
* cells in the human body
- they are surrounded by a membrane as are the organelles inside the cells
- membrane is semipermeable which allows some substances to pass through while restricting others
45
Voluntary movement
Muscular system moves the bones in the skeletal system
46
Enzymes
Chemicals that break down proteins , carbs, fats and other nutrients
47
Chyme
Mixture of food , chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach.
48
Duodenum
First section of the small intestine
| Releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
49
Villi and microvilli
| Digestive system
Increase surface area within the small intestine, increasing the area from which absorption can take place.
50
The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ____?
Mouth
51
If the mitral valve is damaged what problem may occur?
Back flow of blood into the left atrium
52
True or false
| Blood that passes through the tricuspid valve enters the left ventricle
False
| Blood that passes through the tricuspid valve enters the right ventricle
53
True or false
| Blood that passes through the mitral valve enters the pulmonary artery
False
| Blood the passes through the mitral valve enters the left ventricle
54
True or false
| After contraction of the left ventricle, blood enters the aorta
True
55
True or false
| After contraction of the right ventricle, blood enters the pulmonary artery
True
56
True or false
| After contraction of the right atrium, blood enters the right ventricle
True
57
True or false
| The pulmonary valve ensure that blood stays in the aorta
False
| The pulmonary valve ensures that blood stays in the pulmonary artery
58
The respiratory system supplies the body with ____ and removes ____
Oxygen; carbon dioxide
59
It is through the walls of the ____ that oxygen and carbon dioxide movie in and out of the capillaries in the lungs
Alveoli
60
True or false
| The nervous system directs bodily defenses against external stimuli
True
61
True or false
| The nervous system regulates heart and breathing rates
True
62
True or false
| The nervous system supplies the body with oxygen and removed carbon dioxide
False
| The respiratory system
63
True or false
| The nervous system releases heat built up by the muscular system
False
| The integumentary system
64
The peripheral nervous system is divided into what systems?
The autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system
65
The autonomic nervous system control what?
Automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion. This includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
66
The sensory-somatic system controls what?
Voluntary actions like walking and talking
67
The sensory-somatic nervous system consists of?
12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia
68
Ganglia
Collection of nerve cell bodies
69
The propulsion of food through the GI tract is called?
Peristalsis
70
The immune system is composed of what?
Both innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders.
71
Phagocytosis
Engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
72
Perforins
(Pore-forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells
73
Interferons
Body's response to viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days. They activate macrophages and NK cells
74
Chemotaxis
Method that WBC respond to damaged body tissues
75
Cytokines
Chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues
76
Diapedesis
Process of WBCs squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines, occurs, followed by cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) guiding the WBC to the site of damage or infection
77
B cells
Types of lymphocytes or small leukocyte a
| When bound with T-helper cells they produce antibodies
78
T cell
Lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes
79
What kind of immunity is produced by a vaccine
Artificially required active immunity
80
What is released by damaged cells In an effort to draw WBCs to the area of damage
Cytokines
81
Fertility rates are higher in which of the following types of countries?
Less developed
| This is due to higher infant and child mortality rates
82
Crude birth rate
of births per 1,000 people per year
83
Crude death rate
of deaths per 1,000 people per year
84
Eight levels of taxonomy
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
```
Donkey
Kong
Picks
Candy
Off
Foot &
Spits
```
85
Natural selection
Individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others
(Survival of the fittest)
86
Every gene exists in different forms called ____?
Alleles
87
Mutations
Changes to DNA that affect a way a gene functions
| The species variations can be passed down from generation to generation
88
Through mutations and combos of alleles, some individuals of a species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live this is called ____?
Adaptation
89
True or false
The action of natural selection is due to the presence of mutations in DNA that are passed on from generation to generation
True
90
The job of nucleic acid is to what?
Store and transmit heredity information
91
A nucleic acid is a chain of ____ that consists of ____?
Nucleotides; pentose, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
92
A phosphate group is?
A molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
93
Nitrogenous base
Molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
94
In DNA which nitrogenous bases pair together?
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C)
95
In RNA which nitrogenous bases pair together?
Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)
96
True or false
| RNA is the messenger between DNA and protein production
True
97
Prokaryotic cell
Bacteria have the most basic types of cells that can exist independently of other cells
They contain: cell wall, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, organelles, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes and flagella
98
In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is located in the ____, and in eukaryotic cells the DNA is found in the ____.
Nucleoid; nucleus
99
A chain of amino acids results in a ____.
Protein
100
____ are large structures of DNA that contain ____, the blueprints for making an individual
Chromosomes; genes
101
The central dogma of biology states that ____ gives rise to RNA, which gives rise to protein.
DNA
102
A fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a ____?
Zygote
103
What is an embryo?
Is an animal or plant in the early stages if development after fertilization
104
Cells can divide and remain undifferentiated. This produces _____
Stem cells
| 3 types: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
105
True or false
| Cell differentiation may occur in a developing embryo or in an adult
True
106
Interphase
| Mitosis
G1, S, G2
107
Meiosis
Process by which gametes reduce their DNA content
| Occurs only in gametes or fertilized eggs
108
Diploid cell
Cell that contain two sets of chromosomes
109
Haploid cell
Contains one set of chromosomes
110
In a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome called a ____.
Homologous chromosome
111
An organism that is able to produce its own food is termed an ____
Autotroph
112
____ are organisms that cannot produce their own food
Heterotrophs
| They use cellular respiration
113
What is cellular respiration?
Glucose is broken down by glycolysis which transfers some glucose to ATP. The end-products are fed into the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to produce even more ATP
114
To determine whether algae is an autotroph the scientist should observe what?
Chloroplasts
| Allows sunlight to produce food
115
The organelle in plants that allow photosynthesis to occur is the ____ which contains the chemical ____ to trap energy from the sun
Chloroplast; chlorophyll
116
Each codon matches to a specific ____.
Amino acid
117
A complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes is called a ____.
Genome
118
Name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells
DNA polymerase
119
True of false
| DNA in gametes is the DNA passed on to future generations
True
120
When parents give offspring the same allele the offspring is
Homozygous
121
If each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait it is considered a _____ trait
Heterozygous
122
Light-years
The distance that light will travel within 1 year of time
123
Order the following forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths: infrared, gamma ray, X-ray, microwave, radio, ultraviolet, visible
Gamma ray, X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, & radio waves
124
Order the 7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths
Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
125
Joules (j) or calories which are larger and what are they?
The unit of energy or work. The work done in moving 1 meter against a force of 1 newton. 1 calorie = 4.2 joules
126
Kilojoule or kilocalorie
"Kilo" means times one thousand so a kilojoule is one thousand joules
Calorie is for the energy of food and the amount of energy our bodies burn
127
Law of conservation of energy says ___
Energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between kinetic energy KE and potential energy PE
128
Mass is ____
The quantity of matter an object has
129
Elements are ____
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler types of matter
130
Atom
The smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element
131
Atomic number
How many protons are in the nucleus of an atom of an element
132
Ion
Imbalance of charge in an atom
133
Mass number
The amount of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom
134
Isotope
Atoms with the same number as protons but different number of neutrons
135
Catalyst
Controls the rate of chemical reactions, or reactions in which atoms react to come to a stable rate
136
Substrate
Molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme
137
Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering ____
Activation energy
138
```
Given reactant (X and Y), a catalyst (C) and a product (Z) order the following steps in general catalytic reaction
XYC -> CZ
CZ -> C + Z
X + C -> XC
Y + XC -> XYC
```
X + C -> XC
XC + Y -> XYC
XYC -> CZ
CZ -> C + Z
139
How does a catalyst increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
Reactions rates are increased when activation energy decreases
140
Within a given family on the periodic table, atomic radii ____ while electronegativity_____
Increase ; decreases
141
Which groups on the periodic table contain the most metalloids?
14, 15, 16
142
Globular protein
Proteins that are water soluble are built from amino acids that form chains ranging from a few dozen to thousands
143
The pH value is a measure of ?
Hydrogen ions concentration within a solution
144
True or false
| Enzyme participate as a limited number of chemical reactions throughout the human body
False
| Enzymes are selective in their form and function
145
True or false
| Enzymes act to lower the activation energy of chemical reactions
True
146
An enzyme can reshape itself when placed in contact with a substrate
True
147
True or false
| The amino acid structure of an enzyme is important to its function
True
148
Regarding bases, ___ number of hydrogen ions is associated with a basic solution, and red litmus paper will turn ____ in the presence of a base
Smaller ; blue
149
A difference of one unit on the pH scale represents a difference of ____ in strength of concentration
10
150
Ionic
The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges
151
Covalent
Sharing of electrons between atoms
152
Methane, propane and butane are ?
Hydrocarbons
153
Saturated hydrocarbons aka alkanes are composed of
Singles bonds
154
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have how many bonds
One or more double or triple bonds
Alkenes are one double bond
Alkynes contain triple bonds
155
Organic chemistry
The study of hydrocarbon structure
156
Identify the name and formula of the common saturated hydrocarbon that has four carbon atoms
Butane C4H10
157
Identity the name and formula of a common unsaturated hydrocarbon that has five carbon atoms
Pentene; C5H10
| Pentyne; C5H8
158
Covalent bonding is greatest between atom of similar ____
Electronegativites
159
Lewis structures
Visual representation of covalent bonding between atoms of a molecule. Atoms shown surrounded by dots that represent the valance shell
160
Why does hydrogen gas exist as H2 and never just H?
Hydrogen exists in pairs because the atom is unstable on its own. A covalent bond is necessary to make the atom stable
161
Oxidation
Involves electron donation to produce a more positive ion
162
Reduction
Involved electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion
163
Examples of oxidation-reduction
Combustion, photosynthesis, and metabolism
164
What refers to the chemical reaction in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life
Metabolism
165
True or false
| pH neutralization is an important oxidation-reduction reaction
False
| pH neutralization is an important acid-base reaction
166
True or false
| Metabolism is an important oxidation-reduction reaction
True
167
True or false
| Combustion is an important acid-base reaction
False
| It's an oxidation-reduction reaction
168
True or false
| Photosynthesis is an important oxidation- reduction reaction
True
169
Polar molecule is
A molecule that possess both positive and negative atomic structure
170
What Celsius is the melting point of ice and boiling point of water
Ice is 0 degrees Celsius
Boiling is 100 degrees Celsius
Ice is less dense than water
171
Kelvin temperatures are standardized by the ____ of water
Triple-point
The temperature and pressure at which will coexist as a solid, liquid and gas
273 K= 0.01 degree C
172
____ ____ is the energy required to raise one unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
Specific heat
173
True or false
| The maximum density of water is 4 degrees Celsius
True
174
True or false
| Water has the standard electronegative value on the periodic table
False
| No standard for water exists with respect to electronegativity value
175
True or false
| The Kelvin temperature scale is based on waters triple-point
True
176
Crystalline order
Atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state, to a state in which atoms lack true order
177
____ ____ is related to the energy needed to cause a phase transition at a fixed temperature
Latent heat
178
Suppose a phase transition occurs between a liquid and gas at -196 degrees Celsius what is the Kelvin temperature
77
179
A ____ ____ is an alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid, and gas
Phase transition
180
The heat of vaporization refers to the energy necessary (at a constant temp) to cause a complete phase change from a ____ to a ____
Liquid; gas
181
A scientist is measuring a clearing in the forest what would be an appropriate unit of measure?
Meter
182
House is drawn on 1:40 scale. I length of the living room on the plan measures 4.5 inches what is the actual length of the built living room?
Set up 1/40 = 4.5/x cross multiply x=180 convert to feet 180/12 or
15 feet
183
Hypertonic solution
Shrivels
184
Hypotonic
Explodes
185
Isotonic
Stays the same
186
The headrest on a car prevents traumatic injury by limiting
Hyperextension
187
Energy content from greatest to least
Producers->primary consumers->secondary consumers-> decomposers
188
Why do we perceive chlorophyll as green
It fails to absorb green light it absorbs red an blue light but reflects green light
189
Acid solutions
[H+] > [OH-]
190
Basic solution
[H+] < [OH-]
191
Neutral solutions
[H+] = [OH-]
192
Why doesn't a raindrop accelerate as it approaches the ground
Air resistance balances the gravitational force
193
Two balloons are hanging on both ends of a hanger one ballon is released and the hanger tilts, what causes this?
Gas is matter and therefore has mass
194
What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotes have nuclei prokaryotes have none
195
Prophase 2 only happens in?
Meiosis
196
____ is a form of respiration that takes place without ____
Fermentation; oxygen
197
Bone, cartilage, blood vessel, and myelin which is not a connective tissue,
Myelin
198
While conducting an experiment, a scientist determines that the data do not support the original theory. This determination corresponds to which of the following steps in the scientific method?
Analyzing data.
199
How do the intercostal muscles between the Ribs assist with respiration?
By enlarging and reducing the space in the thorax.
200
Lack of Vitamin C may lead to the condition known as?
Scurvy
201
You contain To odorous gases in vials with porous plugs. Gas A Has twice the mass of gas B. Which one would you smell first?
You would smell gas B first
A gas with a greater mass effuses less rapidly than a gas with a lesser mass.
202
Unlike inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning typically moves from ____ to _____
Generalities, specifics
203
If 3 moles are added to a container that Currently holds 1 mole of gas, How will the pressure within the container change, assuming temperature remains constant
The pressure will be four times as great
204
A bicycle and a car are both traveling at a rate of 5 miles per second which has less kinetic energy?
A bicycle
The greater the mass the greater its kinetic energy
205
What results from the second stage of meiosis?
Four haploid cells
206
What is an example of igneous rock?
Basalt
207
The digestion of which product begins with the secretion of salivary amylase?
Starch
208
Which part of the nervous system is termed involuntary?
Autonomic
