Science

Question 1

Give examples of Igneous rocks

Answer 1

• Granite (intrusive inside volcano)
• Basalt (extrusive outside volcano)
• Pumice is an unusual, lightweight rock formed when molten rock is rapidly blown out of a volcano, forming bubbles as it quickly loses pressure and cools at the same time.
• Obsidian is a volcanic glass that forms quickly without crystal growth, it can have very sharp edges making it useful as a cutting tool or arrowhead.

Question 2

What is magma?

Answer 2

Hot melted liquid inside earth

Question 3

What is lava?

Answer 3

Hot melted liquid that has erupted from the earth and is outside.

Question 4

Name the three main types of rock

Answer 4

Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary

Question 5

What are sedimentary rocks?

Answer 5

Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans.
The sediment has been compressed.

Question 6

What are sedimentary rocks made up of?

Answer 6

minerals, small pieces of plants and other organic matter.

Question 7

Name some sedimentary rocks

Answer 7

limestone, sandstone, chalk, coal, claystone and flint.

Question 8

What is limestone made of?

Answer 8

Shells and fish scales

Question 9

What is sandstone made of?

Answer 9

Sand

Question 10

What is coal made of?

Answer 10

Trees and plants

Question 11

What is a metamorphic rock?

Answer 11

Metamorphic rocks have been changed over time by extreme pressure and heat.

Question 12

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Answer 12

Metamorphic rocks can be formed by pressure deep under the Earth’s surface,
from the extreme heat caused by magma or
the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates.

Question 13

Name some metamorphic rocks

Answer 13

quartzite, marble, slate, granulite, gneiss and schist.

Question 14

How is marble formed?

Answer 14

Marble is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the sedimentary rock limestone.

Question 15

How is slate formed?

Answer 15

Slate is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the sedimentary rock mudstone or clay.

Question 16

What is the rock cycle?

Answer 16

The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes the dynamic transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

Question 17

How is obsidian formed?

Answer 17

Sometimes, when cool, sticky magma erupts, the lava solidifies too rapidly for crystals to form and so volcanic glass (obsidian) is produced.

Question 18

How is granite formed

Answer 18

If magma is trapped underground in an igneous intrusion, it cools slowly because it is insulated by the surrounding rock. Crystals have more time to grow into large crystals

Question 19

How is basalt formed?

Answer 19

when basalt lava erupts from a volcano, then many crystals form very quickly, and the resulting rock is fine-grained, with crystals usually less than 1mm in size.

Question 20

How does the cooling rate of igneous rocks affect their crystal size?

Answer 20

The slower they cool the larger the crystals.

Question 21

What is an IGNEOUS rock?

Answer 21

A rock formed by the action of fire

Question 22

What is hardness?

Answer 22

its ability to resist scratching.

Question 23

Where did the hardness scale originate?

Answer 23

Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed a hardness scale over 100 years ago. The hardest mineral known, diamond, was assigned the number 10.Hardness Scale

Index Mineral

Common Objects

1	Talc	
2	Gypsum	Fingernail
3	Calcite	
4	Fluorite	Copper Penny
5	Apatite	Glass
6	Orthoclase	
7	Quartz	
8	Topaz	
9	Corundum	
10	Diamond

Question 24

What is streak?

Answer 24

The streak of a mineral is the color of the powder left on a streak plate (piece of unglazed porcelain) when the mineral is scraped across it. The streak plate has a hardness of glass, so minerals with a Mohs Hardness >7 will scratch the streak plate and won’t powder the mineral.

Question 25

What are the properties of minerals?

Answer 25

Hardness Colour Streak Crystals

Question 26

Define COLOUR of minerals

Answer 26

What causes color in minerals? Minerals are colored because certain wave lengths of light are absorbed, and the color results from a combination of those wave lengths that reach the eye.

Question 27

Define crystals

Answer 27

Mineral crystals occur in various shapes and sizes. The particular shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms, molecules or ions that make up the crystal and how they are joined

Question 28

Define cleavage

Answer 28

Cleavage & Fracture Minerals tend to break along lines or smooth surfaces when hit sharply. Different minerals break in different ways showing different types of cleavage.

Question 29

Name the six layers of the earths structure

Answer 29

``` Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Asthenosphere Lithosphere ```

Question 30

Provide 3 points about the crust

Answer 30

The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live.

Question 31

3points about the mantle

Answer 31

The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a thickness of approximately 2,900 km. made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.

Question 32

3 points about the outer core

Answer 32

The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core.

Question 33

3points about the inner core

Answer 33

The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.

Question 34

3points about the lithosphere

Answer 34

The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of the Earth. It is made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is the coolest and most rigid part of the earth.

Question 35

What is the asthenosphere?

Answer 35

The upper part of the Earth's mantle, extending from a depth of about 75 km (46.5 mi) to about 200 km (124 mi). The asthenosphere lies beneath the lithosphere and consists of partially molten rock. Seismic waves passing through this layer are significantly slowed.

Question 36

What is weathering? | What is erosion?

Answer 36

Weathering is the process where rock Larry is dissolved, worn away or broken down into smaller and smaller pieces. There are mechanical, chemical and organic weathering processes. Erosion - 2. the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, etc.

Question 37

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 37

Chemical weathering decomposes or decays rocks and minerals. An example of chemical weathering is waterWilliam dissolving limestone.

Question 38

Define sediment? | Define sedimentation?

Answer 38

Sediment -mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice. Sedimentation-the deposition or accumulation of sediment.

Question 39

What is deposition?

Answer 39

Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass. Wind, ice, and water, as well as sediment flowing via gravity, transport previously eroded sediment, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment.

Question 40

What is stratification ? | Cementing?

Answer 40

stratification definition. The process by which materials form or are deposited in layers, as in sedimentary rocks and

Question 41

Define concretion ?

Answer 41

Concretion-the act or process of concreting or becoming substantial; coalescence; solidification.

Question 42

What is the law of super position ?

Answer 42

of stratigraphy, or the study of geological or soil layers.

Question 43

Steps in fossil formation

Answer 43

Fossils are formed in a number of different ways, but most are formed when a plant or animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt. Soft tissues quickly decompose leaving the hard bones or shells behind. Over time sediment builds over the top and hardens into rock.