SCIENCE - 4TH Q Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What is Matter?
A
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
2
Q
What is Matter made up of?
A
Elements and Atoms
3
Q
Where can you find Protons?
A
Nucleus
4
Q
Where can you find Electrons?
A
In the electron cloud or outside and orbiting the nucleus.
5
Q
What are Elements made of?
A
Atoms
6
Q
What are Molecules made of?
A
Elements
7
Q
What is the Periodic Table?
A
A chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and chemical properties.
8
Q
What is the Periodic Table used for?
A
To determine the relationships among the elements; to understand and predict elements’ properties.
9
Q
Where can you find Neutrons?
A
Nucleus
10
Q
The Periodic Table is like …
A
… the Alphabet of Chemistry
11
Q
What does the term ‘Periodic’ mean?
A
“Repeating Pattern”
12
Q
How is the Periodic Table arranged?
A
In rows of increasing atomic masses, and in columns of elements with similar properties.
13
Q
What is an Atom?
A
The smallest piece of an element that still represents that element.
14
Q
What was Democritus’ unpopular idea of matter?
A
Matter is made of small, solid objects that cannot be divided, created or destroyed.
15
Q
What was Aristotle’s more accepted idea of matter?
A
Empty space does not exist, and that all matter is made of fire, water, air, and earth.
16
Q
Which scientist conducted experiments that concluded support Democritus’ idea?
A
John Dalton
17
Q
What was the high-powered microscope invented in 1981 that enabled scientists to see individual atoms for the first time?
A
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
18
Q
Who discovered Electrons?
A
J.J. Thomson : English Scientist
19
Q
What are electrons?
A
Negatively charged particles. (1-)
20
Q
What was Thomson’s conclusion?
A
Cathode Rays consist of negatively charged particles called Electrons, and since Atoms are neutral or not electrically charged; Atoms also must contain a positive charge that balances it out.
21
Q
Who discovered the Nucleus?
A
Ernest Rutherford : Thomson’s student
22
Q
Who discovered Protons?
A
Ernest Rutherford ; Thomson’s student
23
Q
What was Rutherford’s conclusion?
A
That atoms are made mostly of empty space, discovery of the nucleus and protons, and that electrons move in the empty space surrounding the nucleus.
24
Q
What are Protons?
A
Positively charged particles. (1+)
25
What is the Nucleus?
The center of an atom where most of an atom's mass and positive charge is concentrated in.
26
Who discovered Neutrons?
James Chadwick ; Rutherford's colleague
27
What is a Neutron?
A particle with neither positive nor negative charge, hence neutral.
28
Where do Electrons live?
Shells or energy levels.
29
What are the Electrons in the Outermost Shell called?
Valance Electrons
30
How many electrons can the 1st shell hold?
2
31
How many electrons can the 2nd shell hold?
8
32
How many electrons can the 3rd shell hold?
18
33
Describe Bohr's model.
Shows all particles of an Atom; Protons represented by P or +, Electrons by E or -, Neutrons by N or blank; Electrons in the circle around the Nucleus.
34
Protons and Neutrons are composed of smaller parts called?
Quarks
35
What are Quarks?
The smaller parts that make up Protons and Neutrons.
36
What are the six types of Quarks?
up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom
37
What Quarks are Protons made of?
Two up Quarks and one down.
38
What Quarks are Neutrons made of?
Two down Quarks and one up.
39
Describe the Lewis Dot Structure.
Only shows the Element Symbol and the Valance Electrons in a counterclockwise system.
40
What is an element?
A substance made from atoms that all have the same number of Protons.
41
What is an Atomic Number?
The number of Protons in an atom of an element; the whole number listed with each element on the Periodic Table.
42
In a neutral atom, if the number Protons are 9, what will be the number of Electrons?
Equal to the number of Protons, 9.
43
What are Isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of Neutrons.
44
What is a Mass Number?
The sum of the number of Protons and Neutrons in an atom.
45
What is the equation of an element's Mass Number?
Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons
46
What is the equation to find the amount of Neutrons in an element?
Mass Number - Atomic Number = Amount of Neutrons
47
How are Isotopes written?
With the Element Name followed by the Mass Number. (E.g. Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14)
48
What is an Average Atomic Mass?
The average mass of the element's isotopes, weighted according to the abundance--how much each Isotope is present on Earth--of each Isotope.
49
What information is given on each element's key on the Periodic Table?
Atomic Number, Element's Symbol, Element's Name, Atomic Mass/Weight. Sometimes will include a symbol that shows the state of matter at room temp.
50
Which element has the fewest Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons?
Hydrogen : 1, 1, 0
51
Who established the term 'Radioactive' for elements that spontaneously emit radiation?
Marie Curie
52
Which scientists, arguably, discovered radioactivity?
Henri Becquerel and the Curies. (Pierre and Marie Curie)
53
What is Nuclear Decay?
A process that occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus changes into another more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.
54
What is an Ion?
An Atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost Electrons.
55
Describe Positive Ions.
Occurs when a Neutral Atom LOSES one or more Electrons, resulting in more Protons than Electrons; Positively charged, represented by the element's symbol followed by a superscript plus sign; AKA cations.
56
Describe Negative Ions.
Occurs when a Neutral Atom GAINS one or more Electrons than Protons; Negatively charged, represented by the element's symbol followed by a superscript negative sign; AKA anion.
57
Who created the Periodic Table?
Dmitri Mendeleev ; Russian Chemist and Teacher
58
What is a group?
Elements' VERTICAL arrangement in the Periodic Table; a Column; numbered 1-18.
59
What is a period?
Elements' HORIZONTAL arrangement in the Periodic Table; a Row; numbered 1-7.
60
What are the properties of Metal?
All metals are shiny, conduct thermal energy and electricity.
61
What are the properties of Nonmetals?
Many are gases, do not conduct thermal energy or electricity.
62
What are the properties of Metalloids?
A combination of Metals' and Nonmetals' properties.
63
What category of elements take up three-fourths of the Periodic Table and are located on the left and middle side?
Metals
64
Excluding Hydrogen, where are Nonmetals located in the Periodic Table?
On the Right Side.
65
Where are Metalloids located on the Periodic Table?
Between the Metals and Nonmetals.
66
What is Ionization Energy?
The minimum energy required to remove an Electron in its ground state.
67
Describe Electronegativity.
It is the ability of an atom to attract Electrons in chemical bonding.
68
Why is Mendeleev's Periodic Table so important?
Because it organizes all known elements into an easily understandable chart based on each elements' properties and relatability.
69
What is eka-aluminum?
Eka-aluminum was the former name of previously undiscovered element, Gallium, that Mendeleev presumed to be similar to aluminum.
70
What does the prefix 'Eka' mean?
"One" or rather, "The Number One"
71
Describe the Periodic Trends.
- Electronegativity, Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity increases from bottom to top and left to right.
- Atomic Radius, Ionic Radius and increases right to left and top to bottom.
- Melting Point increases sides to center and top to bottom.
- Reactivity increases left top to bottom, bottom center to sides, and right bottom to top.
- Metallic Character increases right to left; Non-Metallic Character increases left to right.
72
What is a Calorie (CAL)?
The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degrees Celsius.
73
Where does your body's energy come from?
The nutrients that come from the food you eat.
74
Why do you eat?
- To maintain a healthy lifestyle and balanced diet.
- To provide energy for daily activities.
- Because you are hungry.
- Because your body needs food and water to function.
75
What are Nutrients?
Substances that provide energy and materials for cell developments, growth, and repair.
76
How many weeks can a human survive without food, water, or both?
- 3 weeks without food.
- 3-5 days without water.
- 3-4 days without both.
Depending on age, weight, etc.
77
Why do toddlers need more Fats than older kids or adults?
Because of their extraordinary energy needs and Limited dietary capacity.
78
Why do women need more Iron and Calcium than men do?
Due to the loss of iron during menses; due to thinner and smaller bones, thus to maintain bone density.
79
Why do athletes or active people consume more Protein?
To gain muscle mass and strength.
80
What are the six groups of nutrients?
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water.
81
What is a Protein?
A large molecule that is made of amino acids and contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
82
What do Proteins do?
- Relay signals between the cells.
- Protecting against disease.
- Provide support to cells.
- Speed up chemical reactions.
- Helps in building and repair of the body.
83
How many amino acids make up the proteins in your body? Where do they come from?
Up to 20 different amino acids; half made by your body, the other half from the foods you eat.
84
What are Carbohydrates?
Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are usually the body's major source of energy.
85
What are the three forms of Carbohydrates?
Starches, sugars, or fibers.
86
What are the three forms of Carbohydrates made of?
Sugar molecules that are linked together like a chain.
87
Why is it best to eat foods that contain carbohydrates from Whole Grains?
Because they are easier to digest.
88
What do Carbohydrates do?
- Provides the body's main source of energy.
89
What are Fats or Lipids? What do they do?
- Provides (more) energy (compared to Carbohydrates).
- (Body fat) Helps to insulate against cold temperatures.
- Helps your body absorb vitamins.
90
What are the two classifications of Fat?
Unsaturated Fat & Saturated Fat.
91
Why is it better to adapt a diet (only) rich in unsaturated fats?
Because Saturated Fats can increase Cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of heart disease.
92
What are Vitamins?
Nutrients that are needed in small amounts for growth, regulation of body functions, and prevention of some diseases.
93
What happens if you do not consume enough of one or more vitamins or minerals?
You may develop symptoms of Vitamin Deficiency or Mineral Deficiency.
94
Why is it important to eat a diet rich in vitamins and minerals?
- To maintain a well-balanced diet.
- To avoid Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency.
- In order to stay healthy and active.
95
What are Minerals?
Inorganic nutrients—nutrients that do not contain carbon—that help the body regulate many chemical reactions.
96
What do Minerals and Vitamins do?
- Aids and is required for normal growth and development.
- Regulates body functions.
- Prevents some diseases.
97
How does your body gain water?
By eating or drinking.
98
How does your body lose water?
Sweating, urinating, or breathing. Which is why you lose more water when you exercise, if you live in a warm area, or become sick.
99
What happens when lost water is not replaced?
Dehydration
100
How do you know if you are dehydrated?
(Extreme) Thirst, headache, weakness, dizziness, and little to no urination.
101
Why do you need water? What does water do?
- Maintains body temperature.
- Brings nutrients to cells.
- Gets rid of wastes.
- Protects joints and organs.
- Required for chemical reactions to occur in the body.
102
Why are Food Labels important?
They help you determine what and how much nutrients and other substances are in a product. (Note that food labels list a food's nutrients per serving, not container.)
103
Why is eating a Balanced Diet important?
- To maintain healthy lifestyle.
- Lessen the risks of diseases.
- Provides energy to properly function while doing day-to-day activities.
- Etc.
104
What are the four steps food goes through in your body?
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination (IDAE).
105
What is Ingestion?
Taking food into the body; the act of eating, or putting food into your mouth.
106
What is Digestion?
Breaking down food; the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small particles and molecules that your body can absorb and use.
107
What is Absorption?
Moving food into cells; nutrients and water are absorbed, occurs when the cells of the digestive system take in small molecules of digested food.
108
What is Elimination or Excretion?
Removing unused food; undigested food is eliminated, the removal of undigested food and other wastes from your body.
109
What is Mechanical Digestion?
Wherein food is physically broken into smaller pieces.
110
Where does Mechanical Digestion occur?
In the mouth when you chew, mash, and grind food with your teeth and tongue.
111
What is Chemical Digestion?
When chemical reactions break down pieces of food into small molecules.
112
Where does Chemical Digestion occur?
Starts in your mouth, to stomach and intestine, using hydrolysis by enzymes, acid, bile, etc.
113
What are Enzymes?
Proteins that help break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
114
What do Enzymes do?
- Speed up or catalyze the rate of chemical reactions that prevent them from being too slow or not occurring at all.
115
What does the Enzyme Amylase do?
Helps break down Carbohydrates into Glucose or smaller sugars.
116
What does the Enzyme Pepsin and Papain do?
Helps break down Proteins (into amino acids).
117
What does the Enzyme Lipase do?
Helps break down Fats (into fatty acids).
118
How does an Enzyme break down food molecules?
It attaches to a food molecule, speeds up a chemical reaction that breaks down the molecule, and releases the broken down food molecule. The Enzyme does not change at all thus immediately attaches itself to another food molecule.
119
What are the two parts of the Digestive System?
The Digestive Tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.
120
What is the Digestive Tract?
Extends from the mouth to the anus composed of different organs connected by tubelike structure.
121
What is the function of the Salivary Glands?
Produces more than 1L of Saliva everyday (at the very thought of food).
122
What is the use of Saliva?
-Contains an Enzyme (Amylase) that helps break down Carbs.
- Contains substances that neutralize acidic foods.
- Contains a slippery substance that makes food easier to swallow.
123
What does the Mouth do?
Begins Digestion.
124
What is the Esophagus?
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
125
What is Pertalsis?
Where food moves through the Esophagus and the rest of the digestive tract by waves of muscle contraction. Akin to squeezing a tube of toothpaste.
126
What does the Esophagus do?
Conducts food to the Stomach.
127
What is the Stomach?
A large, hollow organ akin to a balloon with folded walls.
128
What does the Stomach do?
- Temporarily store food to prevent hunger in between meals through the folds on its walls that produce chemicals that help break down proteins.
- Aid in chemical digestion.
- Stores and breaks down food with Enzymes.
129
What does Gastric Juice or Stomach Juice do?
Makes the stomach acidic and contains Pepsin that helps break down the structures that hold plant and animal cells together.
130
What is Chyme?
A thin, watery liquid made by food mixing with Gastric Juice in the stomach.
131
What is the Small Intestine?
A long tube connected to the stomach where chemical digestion and absorption occur. It is named for its small diameter 2.5cm, and 6-7 long with folded walls like the stomach.
132
What is the Duodenum?
The first part of the Small Intestine where nutrients undergo chemical digestion.
133
What are Villi?
(Singular, Villus) The fingerlike projections on the walls of the Small Intestine. Contains small blood vessels that diffuse nutrients into blood.
134
What is Diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
135
What does the Small Intestine do?
- Chemically digests food in the first part, and absorbs nutrients in the rest.
- Absorbs nutrients from partially digested food.
136
What is the Large Intestine or the Colon?
Similar to the Small Intestine, except with a diameter of 5cm and 1.5 long. Is where waste products of digestion pass through.
137
What does the Large Intestine do?
- Absorbs the remaining water of the waste previously in the Small Intestine.
- Said waste harden as excess water is absorbed.
- Absorbs water and forms waste into feces (semisolid waste)
138
What kind of bacteria live in the Large Intestine?
Bacilli Bacteria
139
What are the shapes of Cocci, Bacilli, and Spirilla Bacteria?
Spherical, Rod-Shaped, and Spiral.
140
What do Bacteria do?
Digest food and produce important vitamins and amino acids and are essential for proper digestion.
141
What does the Liver do?
- Produces Bile that makes it easier to digest Fats.
142
What does the Gallbladder do?
- Stores Bile until it is needed in the Small Intestine.
143
What does the Pancreas do?
- Produces Amylase that helps break down Carbohydrates and a substance that neutralizes stomach acid.
- Secretes enzymes to digest nutrients.
144
What does the Rectum do?
- Stores feces before elimination.
145
What does the Anus do?
Final opening of the digestive system before waste removal.
146
What is Homeostasis?
A self-regulating process where a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
147
How does the Digestive System contribute to Homeostasis?
By breaking down food that can be absorbed and used by the body cells. Absorbs (water, vitamins, minerals) and Eliminates (waste).
148
How does the Digestive System work with the rest of the body?
- Works with the Muscular System to move food through the body.
- Works with the Execratory System to eliminate waste.
- Provides nutrients that are carried by the Circulatory System throughout the body, which provides energy.
149
What does the term 'Protein' originate from?
From Greek: Proteios, means "the first quality"
150
What does the term 'Digestion' originate from?
From Latin: Digestus, means "to separate, divide"
151
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Divide the ratio, multiply by 100. you have percent
so u gotta like. wtv ure finding just the one w the total is gonna be the 100 percent
so u gotta divide that number by hte other given
n dmultiply by 100
YAY
152
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