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science Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

the difference between the initial position and final position of an object

A

displacement

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2
Q

motion

A

the process of changing position

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3
Q

reference point

A

the starting point you choose to describe the location, or position, of an object

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4
Q

average speed

A

the total distance traveled divided b y the total time taken to travel that distance

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5
Q

speed and direction of a moving object

A

velocity

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6
Q

acceleration

A

the measure of the change in velocity during a period of time

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7
Q

force

A

a push or pull on an object, measured in newtons

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8
Q

Newton

A

scientist who founded the laws of motion, also is a measurement of force

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9
Q

friction

A

a force that resists the motion of two surfaces touching

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10
Q

static friction

A

the two surfaces are not moving

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11
Q

sliding friction

A

the two surfaces are moving

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12
Q

fluid friction

A

friction between a surface and a fluid

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13
Q

rolling friction

A

a force resisting the movement of a body (wheel, ball, etc) rolls across a surface

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14
Q

gravity

A

an attractive force that exists between all objects that have mass (kg)

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15
Q

centripetal force

A

in a circular motion, a force acts perpendicular to the direction of motion toward the center of the curve

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16
Q

air resistance

A

fluid friction between a surface and air

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17
Q

unbalanced forces

A

forces acting on an object that combine and form a net force that is not zero, has motion

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18
Q

balanced forces

A

forces acting on an object that combine and form a net force that is not zero, no motion

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19
Q

newtons first law of motion

A

if a net force on an object is zero, the motion of the object does not change

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

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20
Q

newtons second law of motion

A

the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on the object divided by the objects mass

the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied

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21
Q

newtons third law of motion

A

when one object exerts force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on the first object

for every action there is an equal, opposite reaction

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22
Q

work

A

the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance

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23
Q

the rate at which work is done

A

power

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24
Q

input force

A

the initially applied force

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25
output force
the outgoing force, caused by input force
26
wedge
sloped surface that moves
27
pulley
grooved wheel with rope wrapped around it
28
screw
inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
29
lever
bar that pivots (rotates) on fulcrum
30
wheel and axle
axle attached to center of a wheel and both rotate together
31
inclined plane
flat sloped surface or ramp
32
simple machine
does work using one movement
33
measurements
work (joules), power (watts), length(meters), force(newtons)
34
mechanical advantage
the ratio of a machines output force produced to the input force applied
35
mechanical advantage equation
ma(newtons) = output force (newtons)/input force(newtons)
36
mechanical efficiency
the ratio of the output work to the input work
37
pressure
the amount of force per unit area applied to an object's surface
38
atmospheric pressure
the ratio of the weight of all the air above you to your surface
39
water pressure
depends on the sum of the weight of the column of air above an object and the weight of the column of water above the object, increases with depth
40
density
different solids and liquids have different densities density = mass/volume unit: grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3)
41
buoyant force
an upward force applied by a fluid on an object in the fluid, works in liquids and air, the amount of water displaced, the stronger the buoyant force, size and weight
42
archimedes principle
the weight of the fluid that an object displaces is equal to the buoyant force acting on the object
43
pascals principle
states that when pressure is applied to a fluid in a closed container, the pressure increases by the same amount everywhere in the container F = P/a (pressure formula)
44
bernoulli's principle
states that the pressure of a fluid decreases when the speed of that fluid increases
45
drag
drag force is a force that opposes the motion of an object through a field as speed increases, drag increases, also depends on the size and shape of that object
46
atom, description parts and charge
the most basic unit of an element neutron and protons in nucleus, electrons around nucleus neutrons - neutral, protons - positive, electrons - negative whole atom is neutral
47
electric current
the movement of electrically charged particles
48
conductor
a material in which electrons can easily move in
49
resistance
a measure of how difficult it is for an electric current to flow in a material
50
unit of resistance
ohms (omega)
51
high resistance materials
wood, plastic, insulators, thin and long
52
low resistance materials
copper, aluminum, conductor, thick and short
53
insulator
material in which electrons cannot easily move
54
electric circuit
a closed or complete path in which an electric current travels
55
electric discharge
the process of an unbalanced electric charge becoming balanced
56
series circuit
an electric circuit with only one path for an electric current to follow
57
parallel circuit
an electric circuit with more than one path, or branch for an electric current to follow
58
circuit breaker
automatically opens a circuit when the current becomes dangerously high, a switch that automatically opens
59
static charge
an unbalanced negative or positive electric charge on an object is sometimes referred to as a static charge
60
voltage
amount of energy the source uses to move on coulomb of electrons through the circuit
61
open circuit
broken, not complete, does not flow energy
62
closed circuit
complete, flowing energy
63
GCFI
special outlets with 2 buttons (test/reset) are ground fault current interrupters, protects from electric shock

finals (3 decks)

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