Science

Question 1

Products of Clemmenson Reduction

Answer 1

Alkanes

Question 2

Reactants of Clemmenson Reduction

Answer 2

Carbonyls

Question 3

Clemmenson Conditions

Answer 3

Highly acidic, add zinc amalgam and HCl

Question 4

Mozingo reaction

Answer 4

Ketone -> Alkane
Adds dithiol to produce a dithioketal. Hydrogenolysed
to alkane using Raney nickel catalyst.

Question 5

Wolff-Kishner Reactants

Answer 5

Aryl ketone + hydrazine, then treat with base

Question 6

Wolff-Kishner Products

Answer 6

Aryl alkane (hydrazone intermediate, treatment with base yields alkane)

Question 7

Wittig Reactants

Answer 7

Carbonyl and ylide (generated in situ)

Question 8

Wittig Reaction Products

Answer 8

Alkenes

Question 9

Gabriel Reaction Reactants

Answer 9

Potassium Pthalamide

Haloalkane

Question 10

Gabriel Synthesis Products

Answer 10

Amines

Question 11

This reaction usually only works for primary haloalkanes and involves hydrazine

Answer 11

Gabriel Amine

Question 12

Two isotherms and two adiabats

Answer 12

Carnot cycle

Question 13

Two isobars and two adiabats

Answer 13

Brayton (Joule) cycle

Question 14

Two adiabats and two isochores

Answer 14

Otto Cycle

Question 15

The quantity is constant during two steps of the Brayton cycle

Answer 15

Pressure

Question 16

This quantity is constant during two steps of the Otto cycle

Answer 16

Volume

Question 17

Sandmeyer Reaction Reactants

Answer 17

Aniline (C6H5NH2) and nitrous acid (produced in situ from sodium nitrate).

This forms a benzenediazonium salt.

Question 18

Sandmeyer reaction products

Answer 18

Substituted benzene.

Substitutes amino group for nucleophiles such as halides, cyanides or water. (Fluoride doesn’t work.)

Question 19

Sandmeyer reaction mechanism

Answer 19

Free radical nucleophilic substitution.

Catalysed by Cu(I) salts

Question 20

Swern Oxidation Reactants

Answer 20

Alcohols (primary or secondary)

Treated with oxalyl chloride, DMSO, triethylamine.

Question 21

Swern Oxidation Products

Answer 21

Aldehydes

Dimethyl sufide, carbon dioxide and triethylammonium chloride as by-products. Dimithyl sulfide has one of the strongest odours in organic chemistry.

Question 22

What term means:

“The movement of genetic material between organisms not from parents to offspring”

Answer 22

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 23

Three Main Types of Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 23

Transformation (uptake of foreign DNA)
Transduction (transfer via virus)
Conjugation (cell to cell contact)

Question 24

1958 Nobel in Physiology or Medicine

Answer 24

Joshua Lederberg

For discovery of bacterial conjugation, a form of horizontal gene transfer.

Question 25

This process transfers an F plasmid which contains a tra locus.

Answer 25

Bacterial Conjugation

Question 26

Bacterial Conjugation

Answer 26

Donor produces pilus and attaches to recipient Relaxase enzyme creates a nick in the F plasmid Relaxasome consists of proteins coded for at the Tra locus Single strand of DNA transferred, both cells produce the complementary strand and reproduce pili.

Question 27

DHAP is involved in?

Answer 27

Glycolysis (Also Calvin cycle and a few other pathways) Short for dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 28

Delta cells produce this hormone

Answer 28

Somatostatin. Delta cells are found in the stomach, intestines and islets of Langerhans.

Question 29

Alpha cells | produce this hormone

Answer 29

Glucagon It is a peptide hormone in the secretin family (secretin is the namesake member of this group, also contains Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone).

Question 30

Beta cells produce these hormones

Answer 30

Insulin Amylin

Question 31

Mycorrhiza

Answer 31

Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant.

Question 32

Symbiotic relationship between funghi and vascular plants eg orchids.

Answer 32

Mycorhiza

Question 33

``` Arbuscular Ecto- Ericoid Arbutoid Monotropoid ```

Answer 33

Types of mycorhiza

Question 34

Rossby number

Answer 34

Ration of Coriolis to inertial forces Ro=U/(fL)=U/(2ωsinφL)

Question 35

Diatoms are a form of these organisms

Answer 35

Phytoplankton

Question 36

These organisms are responsible for the red tide phenomenon.

Answer 36

Dinoflagellates They are marine plankton, many of them are partly photosynthetic.

Question 37

This technique has a differential scanning form

Answer 37

Calorimetry

Question 38

This technique has a tandem form

Answer 38

Mass Spectrometry

Question 39

These intracellular transcription factors are phosphorylated by a tyrosine kinase. They then dimerise and are transported to the nucleus.

Answer 39

STAT proteins (the tyrosine kinase is JAK).

Question 40

Secreted by granulosa cells

Answer 40

Oestrogen

Question 41

Human hearing range (in frequency or wavelength)

Answer 41

Frequency: 20Hz-20kHz Wavelength: 1cm-10m (three orders of magnitude ie about 10 octaves)

Question 42

This enzyme is coded for on chromosome 5 near delta catenin.

Answer 42

Telomerase

Question 43

Weber Number

Answer 43

Ratio of kinetic energy to surface energy

Question 44

Squall line

Answer 44

Lines of storms often along a front

Question 45

This biological assay uses Salmonella bacteria and rat liver enzymes.

Answer 45

Ames Test It is a test for mutagenic compounds.

Question 46

This biological assay involves antibodies.

Answer 46

ELISA It is used to identify proteins.

Question 47

Buchwald-Hartwig Products

Answer 47

Aryl Amines

Question 48

Buchwald Hartwig Reactants

Answer 48

Aryl halide | Palladium catalyst

Question 49

Lugol’s reagent is this compound.

Answer 49

KI3[aq] Potassium triiodide

Question 50

Organotitanium compound used to convert carbonyls to terminal alkenes.

Answer 50

Petasis Reagent

Question 51

These defects in ice have D and L types.

Answer 51

Bjerrum defect - D defects have two protons in a hydrogen bond and L defects have none.

Question 52

These proteins bind to the 40s subunit to initiate transcription.

Answer 52

EIFs (Eukaryotic initiation factors)

Question 53

These compounds disrupt the effectiveness of the 30S subunit.

Answer 53

Aminoglycosides | Other mechanisms possible, they typically disrupt proofreading ability.

Question 54

The toarcian extinction occurred in what period?

Answer 54

Jurassic

Question 55

Ediacara organisms went extinct in this period

Answer 55

Cambrian

Question 56

Mohr-Coulomb Theory

Answer 56

Breaking stress in brittle materials.

Question 57

von Mises criterion

Answer 57

Breaking stress of ductile materials

Question 58

Name the five major extinction events.

Answer 58

``` (Great Dying) Ordovician-Silurian (~450Ma) Late Devonian (~375Ma) Permian-Triassic (252Ma) (End-Capitanian event / Emeishan traps) Triassic-Jurassic (201Ma) Cretaceous-Paleogene (66Ma) (Holocene extinction) ```

Question 59

These mammal precursors were dominant in the Permian.

Answer 59

Synapsids

Question 60

Name 1-5 on the Mohs Scale

Answer 60

``` Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite ```

Question 61

Name 6-10 on the Mohs scale

Answer 61

``` Orthoclase Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond ```

Question 62

Name both mineral forms | of zinc sulfide

Answer 62

Zinc-blende (sphalerite) - fcc lattice with diatomic Zn S motif (similar to diamond). Wurtzite - hcp lattice with Zn S motif

Question 63

Who founded Android?

Answer 63

Andy Rubin