science 7 chap. 1-3 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
hypothetical proposition
A
an if then statement
antecedent-if
consequent-then
a good guess
2
Q
falsifiability
A
when a hypothesis is proven false
3
Q
Munsell chart
A
chart used by Pedologists to provide standard names and descriptions of soil colors
4
Q
antecedent and consequent
A
if statement—- then statement
5
Q
independent variable
A
factor that is changed to test the hypothesis (the part that effects the results)
6
Q
dependent variable
A
factor that is not changed to determine the results (does not actually affect the results)
7
Q
controlled variable
A
any variable other than the dependent and independent variables
8
Q
steps of the scientific method
A
hypothesizing
observing
experimenting
9
Q
matter/study of matter
A
matter-the substance of the physical world; anything that occupies space or has substance is matter
study of matter- science
10
Q
inductive reasoning
A
using specific information to provide general conclusions
11
Q
deductive reasoning
A
using general information to provide specific conclusions
12
Q
post hoc fallacy
A
logic error in which someone assumes that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor just because the second change occurred after the first
13
Q
theory
A
way of explaining an object of events by using a set of facts
14
Q
inference
A
conclusion based on reasoning from evidence
15
Q
criteria/constraints
A
minimum characteristics that a design must have to function——— any characteristic ( other than the _______ ) required to solve the problem
16
Q
prototype
A
model of a design used for testing
17
Q
nutrient
A
nourishing substances for plants
18
Q
compound/element
A
substance composed of only one type of atom
19
Q
density-mass
A
measures how tightly packed matter is—-
measures amount of matter
20
Q
repeatability
reproducibility
A
ability to repeat an experiment multiple times, keeping all factors similar, while getting same, or similar results
ability of others to reach the same conclusion by performing other experiments
21
Q
affirming the antecedent
denying the consequent
A
if this happens then this will happen and so forth
22
Q
molecule
A
atoms linked together
23
Q
weight
A
measures the pull of gravity on an object
24
Q
impermeable rock
A
NONporous -inhabits water from passing
25
types of soil/ soil color
black from organic matter
red from iron and aluminum oxides
white from silicates and salt
26
primary plant food elements
nitrogen
phosphorous
potassium
nitrogen-helps plant growth and photosynthesis
phosphorous- allows cell division, promotes plant maturation, ☜(ﾟヮﾟ☜) promotes energy transfer
potassium- contributes to general health of the plant, encourages root growth and fruit formation, helps regulate water balance
27
pH scale
measure of how acidic/basic the water is- from 0-14 7 being neutral
28
soil horizons
topsoil, subsoil
topsoil-most organic material, found in the top 5-15 cm. of soil
subsoil-layer below topsoil that consists primarily of mineral material
29
organic vs. mineral material
material derived from living organisms
vs.
derived from non-living matter
30
nitrogen-fixing bacteria-nitrifying bacteria-denitrifying bacteria
converts elemental nitrogen into nitrogen compounds- ammonia
ammonia->nitrates
converts nitrogen from nitrates into atmosphere nitrogen (in the soil)
31
groundwater
water below the soils surface
32
aquifer
groundwater collected in layers of either porous rock or gravely-soil mixture
33
~state the problem
~determine criteria and constraints
~research an develop possible solutions
~choose design and make a detailed plan
~ build and test a prototype
~analyze the prototype and improve the design
steps of the engineering design process
34
sediments
deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left behind by wind/earthwater
35
seismology
study of earthquakes
36
geology
study of the Earth
37
fault
fracture formed when a layer of rock breaks and moves due to the strained forces upon it
38
fold
geological structure formed when by the bending or buckling of rocks under great force
39
tectonic earthquake
when two tectonic plates collide
40
plate tectonics
theory that tectonic plates and their movements affect many geological structures
41
epicenter
above hypocenter
42
hypocenter
point at which an earthquake begins
43
syncline
trough-like structure formed when rocks bend down during folding
44
anticline
arch-like structure formed when rocks buckle upwards during folding
45
moho ( mohorvic discontinuity)
Between lower crust and upper mantle
46
transition zone
between lower and upper mantle
47
core-mantle boundary
between lower mantle and outer core
48
GIS
geographic information system-makes topographic map
49
elastic rebound theory
rocks on either side of fault spring back to position with little strain causing earthquakee
50
asthenosphere
plastic rock in lower portion of upper mantle
51
lithosphere
plates that float on the asthenosphere
52
seismograph
instrument-measures if there will be earthquakes
53
volcano
opening in crust where hot gas and molten rock eject from Earth
54
vent
center of volcano-a chanel
55
cone
mountain produced by accumulation of solid materials ejected from volcano
56
magma chamber
holds molten rock below the surface
57
lava tunnel
formed when surface of lava flow hardens but the lava beneath remains molten and continues to flow
58
caldera
crater formed by volcano
59
VEI
volcanic explosivity index-- measures violence of eruption
60
cinder-cone volcano
made of ash and cinder
61
composite volcano
cinder and lava
62
shield volcano
lava flow makes it
63
dormant volcano
might erupt again but "asleep" at the moment
64
extinct volcano
probably wont erupt again
65
pyroclast
solid volcanic ejecta
66
aa
lava that hardens into rough jagged rocks with crumbly texture
67
lapilli
volcanic ejecta between 2mm. and 64mm. in size
68
pahoehoe
lava hardens to smooth or "ropy" surface
69
pillow lava
lava emitted underwater solidifies almost instantly forming rounded structures resembling pillows
70
pyroclastic flow
superheated gas running down volcano like an avalanche
71
volcanic ash
pyroclasts light enough to be carried by wind
72
volcanic block
solid, irregular lump hardens within volcano and ejects as a solid
73
volcanic bomb
ejected as liquid/semi-liquid and hardens in air before it hits the ground - tear drop shape
74
most abundant element in the Earth's crust
oxygen
75
the three Earthquake scales and how they differ
Richter-modified Mercalli, moment magnitude
Richter- most common
modified Mercalli-based on affects
moment magnitude-most accurate
76
Earth composition
crust-moho-upper mantle-transition zone-lower mantle-core-mantle boundary-outer core-core/inner core
77
Alpide belt
15% of Earthquakes
78
circum-pacific belt
most active earthquake zone ( ring of fire )
79
types of mountains, how they are formed
volcanic-molten rock eruptions
domed-molten rock formed beneath an overlaying rock layer
folded-edges of two tectonic plates-folding
fault-block--faulting
80
types of faults
thrust, strike slip, normal
81
what determines how a volcanic eruptions to be violent
1-viscosity of magma 2-amount of dissolved gas in magma
82
minerals
ssubstances that are found naturally in the Earth and have a crystalline structure
83
halides
compounds made with elements fluorine,chloride,bromine, or iodine
84
sulfides
(w/sulfates) group of minerals containing sulfur; includes pyrite and cinnibar
85
oxides
oxygen bonded to metal- mineral
86
carbonate
mineral-carbon bonded to oxygen
87
silicates
largest mineral group silicon bonded to oxygen
88
phosphates
minerals containing phosphorous bonded to four oxygen atoms
89
luster
the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
90
Mohs Scale
minerals are arranged from softest to hardest on a scale
91
cleavage
tendency of a mineral to break
92
metallurgy
extraction-removal of ores
refining-removal of impurities
shaping-preparing for use
93
alluminum
lightweight, silvery meal excellent for aircraft, spacecraft, and other appliances in which strength and lightweight are both important
most common metal
94
iron
second most common metal
95
blast furnace
device in which iron ore, limestone, and coke are processed to make pig iron
96
alloy
metal mixture
97
copper
reddish, orange metal; good conductor of electricity
98
lead
used ofr radiation shielding,automobile batteries, and small-arms ammunition
99
silver-
most reflective metal
100
platinum
white-gray metal not considered valuable until the 20th century; now considered more valuable than silver and gold
101
precious stones
rarest, most beautiful, most durable minerals
102
Corundrum
not very valuable on its own, two forms are highly valued-
-ruby red
-sapphire blue
103
beryl
Source of beryllium two very valuable forms are
emerald green
aquamarine blue-green
104
simulant gemstones
imitation stones; look like natural gemstones but are composed of different chemical and physical properties
105
synthetic gemstones
identical to natural counterpart in appearance and chemical content
106
hydrothermal synthesis
process of mineral synthesis where a temperature difference causes a melted solution to circulate, rise, and form larger crystals around smaller "seed crystals"
107
petrology
branch of geology that is concerned with the origin, composition, and structure of rocks
108
igneous rock
rocks that form when magma solidifies
109
granite
common igneous rock, coarse-grained
110
basalt
most common igneous rock
111
porphyritic rock
thougth to form when magma begins to cool slowly, deep beneath the surface, but is ejected from the Earth before it hardens
112
intrusive rock
"plutonic rock" igneous rock formed when magma reaches the surface
113
extrusive rock
"volcanic rock" lava cooled and hardened
114
amorphous
when magma cools rapidly no crystals form, smooth, glass-like texture
115
concretions
had.round structures that form when minerals settle out of water and crystalize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment
116
stratum
(bed) horizontal rock layer that has a different rock layer above it
117
law of superposition
states that any undisturbed strata lie i nthe order they were laid down
118
clastic-sedimentary rock
mechanical sediments/rock fragments are "glued" together
119
shale
most common sedimentary rock
120
conglomerate rock
consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand/clay
121
chalk
type of limestone formed when calcium- containing remains of plankton
122
evaporites
chemical sediments resulting from the evaporation of water
123
salt domes
halite deposits that occurs deep underground as huge, cylindrical structure
124
coal
organic sedimentary rock,derived from the remains of once-living things - fossil fuel -
125
coal seams
layered formations usually buried in other sedimentary rock
126
overburden
when miners strip away the upper layers of the ground
127
retreat mining
removes pillars in a specific order to allow the least stress on the walls and ceiling of the mine
128
contact metamorphism
results when rocks are "baked" by contact with hot magma
129
marble
streaked metamorphic rock that forms when limestone or dolomite is hardened by extreme heat and pressure
130
metamorphism
(greek:"to transform") the change of a rock into new rock
131
foliated rock
metamorphic rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book
