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SCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

nature provided the variation among different organism and humans selected those variations that they found useful

A

Artificial Selection

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2
Q

is the slow gradual change in a population of organisms over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

are populations or groups of populations, within and among which
individuals actually or potentially
interbreed (biological species concept
by Ernst Mayr)

A

Species

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4
Q

New species evolve

A

Speciation

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5
Q

Evolution By Natural

Selection Concepts

A

The Struggle for Existence
• Survival of the fittest
• Descent with Modification

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6
Q

(compete for food, mates,

space, water, etc

A

The Struggle for Existence

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7
Q

strongest

able to survive and reproduce)

A

• Survival of the fittest (

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8
Q

new species arise from common ancestor replacing less fit

species

A

• Descent with Modification

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9
Q

ability of an individual to

survive & reproduce

A

• Fitness

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10
Q

• inherited characteristic that increases an organisms

chance for survival

A

Adaptation

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11
Q

is central to the process of evolution

A

• Fitness

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12
Q

• Structures that have different mature forms
but develop from the same embryonic tissues
• Strong evidence that all four-limbed animals
with backbones descended, with modification,
from a common ancestor
• Help scientist group animals

A

Homologous Body Structures

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13
Q

early stages of

vertebrate development

A

embryo

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14
Q

are the processes
which enables evolution to take
place

A

Mechanisms

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15
Q 
Short time scale events
(generation-to-generation) that
change the genotypes and
phenotypes of populations
–Changes in a population’s gene
pool over time.
–Not possible without genetic
variability in a population
A

Microevolution

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16
Q

random changes in DNA

ultimate source of new alleles

A

Mutation

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17
Q

(movement of genes between

pop’s)

A

. Gene flow

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18
Q

change in gene pool due to
random/chance events
)

A

Genetic drift (

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19
Q

Changes in the structure of the DNA
▪ Adds genetic diversity to the population
▪ May or may not be adaptive

A

Mutation

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20
Q

▪Two major types of mutations:

A

1.Gene mutations (nucleotide)
2. Chromosome mutations
(structural)

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21
Q

movement

of alleles into a population

A
  1. Immigration
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22
Q

movement of

alleles out of population

A

Emigration

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23
Q

in allele frequencies over generations brought about by

chance

A

Random change

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24
Q

change the gene frequency could include fire, typhoon or

human-made such as building dams and clearing forests

A

Random events

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25
Occurs when a population's size is reduced for at least | one generation and reduces genetic variation
Bottleneck Effect
26
New population established by very small number of individuals
Founder Effect
27
rudimentary and sometimes useless body part
Vestigial structure:
28
Long term, large scale evolutionary changes through which new species are formed and others are lost through extinction ▪ Obvious changes that happen over time.
Macroevolution
29
Two Processes of Macroevolution
1. speciation | 2. extinction
30
▪ Two species arise from one
Speciation
31
offspring of a | male donkey and a female horse
Mules
32
A large scale evolution of a group of species into many different species. –Leads to two outcomes: 1) Reduces competition between different species 2) New species evolve and exploit different niches as competition within species increase because of limited resources.
Divergent Evolution/Adaptive radiation
33
How an organism lives and interacts with its environment.
Niche
34
The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species. ▪ Two different species living in similar environments under similar selective pressures will evolve similar traits that allow them to occupy similar niches
Convergent Evolution
35
▪ Two groups of plants
1. Cacti – deserts of South America | 2. Euphorbia – deserts of South Africa
36
▪ One species evolves in response to evolution of another species. ▪ Interactions between species can cause microevolution
Coevolution/Cospeciation
37
Species A evolves to become species B in a long gradual process.
GRADUALISM
38
Evolution is SLOW with brief periods of rapid development of new species
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
39
Periods of time where change in species’ structure or genetic composition are not apparent.
STASIS
40
Species that exhibit unchanged characteristics and genetic composition throughout long periods of time
living fossils.
41
``` • often be reduced to a mathematical statement • Specific statement based on empirical data ```
Scientific Law
42
``` Often seeks to synthesize a body of evidence or observation of a particular phenomena ```
Scientific Theory
43
is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future.
COSMOLOGY
44
``` – The universe formed approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a cataclysmic expansion which hurled all matter and created space. • Widely accepted theory for the origin and evolution of the universe ```
Big Bang Theory
45
``` The universe has always been expanding outwards and continuously creates matter ```
Steady State Theory
46
megadense point
Singularity.
47
States that after the Big Bang, the formation of the universe never stopped and is continuously making other different universes (multiverses) which could be different or similar to our own in terms of physical laws
Eternal Inflation of the Universe
48
States that a similar contraction and return to that singularity should be possible.
Big Crunch and the Oscillating Universe Theory
49
is a situation that scientists predicts | how the universe will end.
Big Crunch
50
The modern accepted theory of the origin of the Solar System. The first stars are formed from this contraction of gases and nuclear fusion
Solar Nebula Theory/Modern | Laplacian Theory
51
What are the Earth’s four subsystems?
1. Atmosphere 2. Biosphere 3. Lithosphere 4. Hydrosphere
52
energy and/or matter move in and out
Open system
53
: no exchange of energy and matter with surroundings
Closed system
54
``` Largest of the four spheres • Comprises the solid portion of the Earth • Extends 6,400 km from the surface down to the core ```
Geosphere
55
Layers of the Geosphere
1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core 4. Lithosphere 5. Asthenosphere
56
hot, ultramafic rock; it represents | about 68% of Earth’s mass
Mantle
57
``` dense metallic (mostly composed of iron); makes about 31% of the Earth ```
Core
58
is composed of both the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behave as a brittle and rigid solid
Lithosphere
59
is partially molten upper mantle material that behaves plastically and can flow
Asthenosphere
60
Layer of gaseous envelope that surrounds the planet on the surface and extends thinly into space
Atmosphere
61
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Troposphere – lowest part and the part we live in • Stratosphere – contains much of the ozone • Mesosphere – temperature decreases with height • Thermosphere – temperature increases with height • Exosphere – contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen
62
``` Includes all forms of life on Earth • Includes organisms found in the deepest parts of the oceans and highest parts of the atmosphere ```
Biosphere
63
proposed that the planets revolved around the sun (Heliocentric Model)
Nicolaus Copernicus | 1473-1543
64
``` Devised the most precise instruments available before the invention of the telescope for observing the heavens ```
Tycho Brahe | 1546-1601
65
``` • derived the 3 basic laws of planetary motion • Elliptical path of a planet around the sun ```
Johannes Kepler | 1571-1630
66
Laws of Planetary Motion
* Law of orbits * Law of areas * Law of periods
67
– planets orbit the sun | elliptically
Law of orbits
68
– a line connecting a planet to the sun covers an equal area over equal periods of time
Law of areas
69
allows us to establish a clear relationship between a planet’s orbital period and its distance from the sun
• Law of periods
70
``` • Played a major role in the scientific revolution of the 17th century • Telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus • Discovery of Jupiter’s moons • Observation and analysis of sunspots • Invented an improved military compass ```
Galileo Galilei | 1564-1642
71
• Law of Universal Gravitation • Laws of Motion
Sir Isaac Newton | 1642-1727

A33 (4 decks)

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