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From Flashcardlet > Science 8: Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

Science 8: Plate Tectonics Flashcards

0
Q

List and describe the composition of earths four layers.

A

Inner core: solid, iron-rich sphere

Outer core: fluid, metallic layer

Mantle: solid, rocky layer, composed of silicate minerals

Crust:very thin outer layer

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1
Q

Does the temperature increase or decrease towards the earths center?

A

Increase

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2
Q

earths crust is divided into what two types of crust?

A

continental and oceanic crust

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3
Q

Where is the asthenosphere located? What is it composed of?

A

Located in the upper mantle.

Composed of hot rocky material that can flow slowly.

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4
Q

Where is the lithosphere located?

A

In the upper mantle and crust.

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5
Q

Which of Earths major divisions is the layer that is fluid?

A

Outer core.

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6
Q

Which of earths major divisions is the layer that is the thinnest?

A

Crust.

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7
Q

Which of earths major divisions is the layer with the greatest thinkness?

A

Mantle.

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8
Q

Which of earths major divisions is the layer that is a solid, metallic sphere?

A

Inner core.

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9
Q

Which region is composed primarily of basalt?

A

Oceanic crust.

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10
Q

Which region contains rocks composed mostly of iron and magnesium-rich, silicate minerals?

A

Mantle.

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11
Q

Which regions is composed primarily of iron?

A

Inner core.

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12
Q

Which region contains abundant amounts of the rock granite?

A

Continental cruse.

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13
Q

What is earths solid, rigid outer layer?

A

Lithosphere

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14
Q

What are the six major landmasses 200 million years ago?

A 
North America
Eurasia
Africa
Antarctica
South America
Australia
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15
Q

What is the name of the super continent?

A

Pangaea

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16
Q

List and describe at least 4 pieces of evidence for the theory of Continental drift

A
  1. Fit of the continents. The coastlines were similar between South America and Africa.
  2. Fossil Evidence. Fossils have been found in countries where the coasts come together.
  3. Evidence from rocks. Similar rocks and age
  4. Climate evidence. Ice sheets, tropical swamps, the continents were in different locations.
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17
Q

What was Pangaea?

A

The name of ancient supercontinent.

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18
Q

When did Pangaea exist?

A

200 million years ago

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19
Q

Who proposed the continental drift hypothesis?

A

Alfred Wegener

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20
Q

WHy do scientists rule out a major cooling period on earth as the explanation for ancient ice sheets in Australia?

A

Tropical Swamps

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21
Q

DURING THE BREAKUP OF PANGAEA, THE NORTH ATLANTIC OPENED BEFORE THE SOUTH ATLANTIC.

A

.

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22
Q

The separation of North America From Africa marked the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Approximately when did this event occur?

A

175 million years ago.

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23
Q

Where was Australia located 135 million years ago?

A

Near South Pole

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24
Q

What is the lithosphere broken into? (name 7)

A

Tectonic plates.

  1. South American
  2. North American.
  3. Pacific.
  4. Eurasian.
  5. Indian.
  6. Australian.
  7. Antarctic.
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25
Q

Where does most of the action of the plates occur?

A

Margins. (Edges)

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26
Q

What 3 things occur along plate boundaries? How do they move?

A

Divergent: Move apart.

Convergent: Move together.

Transform Fault: Grinding

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27
Q

Most of the largest plates…

A

Contain oceanic and continental crust.

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28
Q

According to the theory of plate tectonics, plates interact mainly…

A

Along boundries.

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29
Q

Earths rigid outer layer is called…

A

Lithosphere

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30
Q

Earths rigid outer layer overlies a zone of weaker and hotter material known as…

A

The asthenosphere.

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31
Q

What layer of earth allows the plates to move?

A

Asthenosphere.

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32
Q

The lithosphere is thickest beneath the continents, and thinner under the oceans.

A

.

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33
Q

At divergent plate boundaries, two plates…

A

Move apart.

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34
Q

At transform fault plate boundaries, two plates…

A

Grind past each other.

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35
Q

At convergent plate boundaries, two plates…

A

Move together

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36
Q

Where are most divergent plate boundaries located?

A

Press of oceanic ridges

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37
Q

Plates are moving apart at…

A

Divergent boundaries.

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38
Q

New oceaninc crust is created at divergent boundaries at a rate of about…

A

5cm/year

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39
Q

What water body was once a Rift Valley?

A

The Red Sea

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40
Q

As plates move apart, the gap between them is filled with molten rock called…

A

Magma

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41
Q

The mechanism that has generated the floors of the worlds oceans is called…

A

Seafloor Spreading

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42
Q

The region where the oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphere is called _________.

A

Subduction Zone

43
Q

Whenever a slab of oceanic lithosphere converges with a slab of continental lithosphere__________________.

A

The oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphere.

44
Q

The Andes and Cascades exemplify which of these features?

A

Continental Volcanic arch

45
Q

The Aleutian Islands, Tonga Islands, and japan are examples of_____________.

A

Volcanic island archs.

46
Q

Most volcanic island arcs are located in ___________.

A

the western pacific

47
Q

COLLISION MOUNTAIN BELTS FORM BECAUSE CONTINENTAL CRUST IS TOO BUOYANT TO UNDERGO APPRECIABLE SUBDUCTION, AND RESULTS IN A COLLISION BETWEEN CONTINENTAL FRAGMENTS.

A

.

48
Q

GREAT EARTHQUAKES CAN BE GENERATED AT TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARIES.

A

.

49
Q

Name each boundary to the corresponding feature:
Subduction zone:
Spreading center:
Fault boundary:

A

Subduction zone: Convergent
Spreading Center: Divergent
Fault Boundary: Transform

50
Q

List 3 convergent plate boundaries.

A

Continental-continental
Continental-oceanic
Oceanic-oceanic

51
Q

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY.

A

Location: In ocean——>Results in: Oceanic Ridge—–> Example: Mid atlantic ridge

Location: On land——->Results in: Continental Rift Valley—–> Example: East African Rift Valleys

52
Q

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY.

A

Location: oceanic-continental—–> Results in: Continental volcanic arch—–> Examples: andes mountains

Location: oceanic-oceanic—–> Results in: Volcanic island arch—–>Examples: alucian islands

Location: continental-continental—–>Results in: mountain belt—–>Examples: andes mountains

53
Q

TRANSFORM FAULTS.

A

Location: In ocean—–>Results in: Offset in ridge—–>Example: Mendocine Fault

Location: On land—–>Results in: Fault on land—–>Example: San Andreas Fault

54
Q

The “teeth on the symbol representing a convergent plate boundary point in the direction of subduction. T/F?

A

True.

55
Q

At divergent plate boundaries______________.

A

New sea floor is created.

56
Q

At convergent plate boundaries___________.

A

Old seafloor is destroyed.

57
Q

At transform fault boundaries___________.

A

Seafloor is neither created nor destroyed

58
Q

Which type of plate boundary makes up the largest portion of the margin of the phillippine plate?

A

Convergent boundary.

59
Q

What is an area of volcanic activity that develops above rising plumes of magma?

A

A hot spot.

60
Q

What are huge underwater mountain ranges that are present in ever ocean?

A

Mid-Ocean ridge.

61
Q

What occurs where two plate move past each other in opposite directions?

A

Transform Boundry

62
Q

What theory states that earths lithosphere is broken into huge, moving slabs of rock driven by motions in the mantle?

A

Theory of plate tectonics

63
Q

What is the name of the supercontinent that Alfred Wegener named?

A

Pangaea

64
Q

What is the place where older crust is destroyed because two plates converge, or push together?

A

Convergent boundary.

65
Q

What is the hypothesis that proposed that earths continents were once joined in a single landmass and then gradually moved apart?

A

Continental Drift.

66
Q

What is the layer of hotter, softer rock in the upper mantel called?

A

Asthenosphere.

67
Q

What a plate with oceanic crust sinking under a plate with continental crust called?

A

Oceanic-continental subduction.

68
Q

What is the layer of liquid metals that surround the inner core called?

A

Outer core.

69
Q

WHat is the motion created then heated material continually rises, cools, and sinks called?

A

Convection current

70
Q

What is the thin layer of rock that surround Earth called?

A

Crust.

71
Q

What is the gap that forms as tectonic plates move apart?

A

Rift Valley

72
Q

What occurs where plates with continental crust push together?

A

Continental-Continental collison

73
Q

What is the name of the ball of hot, solid metals at earths center?

A

Inner core

74
Q

What is the transfer of heat within a material?

A

Convection

75
Q

What are the large and small slabs of rock that make up pieces of the lithosphere called?

A

Tectonic plates

76
Q

What is the earths crust and the very top of the mantle combined called?

A

Lithosphere

77
Q

What is it called when a plate with oceanic crust is sinking under another plate with oceanic crust?

A

What is it called when the direction of earths magnetic north and south poles switch

78
Q

What is the earths thickest layer measuring nearly 2900 kilometers called?

A

Mantle

79
Q

what occurs where tectonic plates move apart?

A

Divergent boundary.

80
Q

Where art he youngest sediments found in the ocean floor?

A

At the top.

81
Q

What kind of rock is found below the oldest sediments?

A

Basalf

82
Q

Based on the ages of the ocean floor found at the drill sites, where is the youngest seafloor found?

A

Near the oceanic ridge

83
Q

What is the origin of the earthquake below the surface called?

A

Focus

84
Q

Based on their arrival times, which of these three types of seismic waves travel the fastest?

A

P waves

85
Q

Which seismic waves travel the slowest?

A

Surface waves

86
Q

When an earthquake occurs what is located directly above the focus?

A

Epicenter

87
Q

Where is a close associated between the distribution of earthquakes and ______________.

A

Plate boundaries.

88
Q

Earthquakes are thought to be generated within the________.

A

Lithosphere.

89
Q

Earthquakes occur in the lithosphere because it is able to store elastic energy like a stretched rubber band. T/F?

A

True

90
Q

Energy released by an earthquake travels in the form of____________.

A

Seismic waves.

91
Q

Which seismic waves travel the fastest?

A

P waves

92
Q

Submarine Volcanoes are called_______.

A

Seamounts

93
Q

What was the general direction of plate motion during the formation of the emperor seamounts?

A

Northernly

94
Q

What was the general direction of plate motion during the formation of the Hawaiian chain?

A

Northwesternly

95
Q

What is the rigid earth theory?

A

The earth was originally molten and is now cooling

96
Q

Describe crust.

A

Continental crust is thickest (granite)

Oceanic crust is thinnest (Basalt)

97
Q

Describe the mantle.

A

Thickest layer.
Top part is cool and rigid.
Bottom is hot and soft enough to move like plastic.

98
Q

Describe Outer core

A

Less pressure allows for liquid metals

99
Q

Inner core

A

Intense pressure hold the atoms close together which allows it to remain solid.
Nickel or iron.

100
Q

What is the lithosphere broken into?

A

Many large and small slabs of rock called tectonic plates that make of both the oceanic and continental crust

101
Q

What makes up the theory of plate tectonics?

A

(1) series of convention cells int he earths mantel
(2) spreading occurs at eh rising parts of the cells
- compression at the sinking portions
(3) Earths crust is composed of 6 huge plates
- plates are tops of convection cells
- sub-plates move at different rates due to variations in the convection cell

102
Q

What is seafloor spreading?

A

Uneven heating of the earth has set up convection currents. it has been proposed that the rising current has formed ridges on the ocean floor thus moving the material to the rifts and trenches and sweeping clear the sediments

103
Q

DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES MOSTLY OCCUR IN THE OCEAN.

A

.

104
Q

CRUST MOVES APART AS LAVA FROM DEEP IN THE MANTLE COMES TO THE SURFACE, IT CRACKS AND A RIFT VALLEY FORMS AND THE CONTINENT BEGINS TO SPLIT APART.

A

.

105
Q

What are active zones?

A

Boundaries of the crustal plates:

(1) ridges--->spreading occurs and new crust is formed by lava rising from the deep mantle
(2) trenches--->Where crust is forced down and is destroyed
(3) fault zones---> Where crust is neither created or destroyed

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