Science Flashcards
(461 cards)
1
Q
Bloom’s Taxonomy
A
a hierarchy of levels of knowledge; each level has associated verbs teachers can use to start questions
“identify” is at a lower level than “argue” because it requires a lower level of thinking
2
Q
Brain-Based Learning
A
a type of learning which makes connections across sides of the brain; incorporates activity in learning
active learning activities such as debating
3
Q
Conclusion
A
a summary of the results of an experiment; states whether the initial hypothesis was rejected or supported
chapter tests, semester tests
4
Q
Control Group
A
a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment
5
Q
Data
A
measurements and observations recorded during an experiment
6
Q
Dependent Variable
A
a variable which is measured by the scientist conducting the experiment
7
Q
Differentiation
A
tailoring the material taught to each student to ensure adequate challenge and retention of the material
Different spelling lists based on a student’s ability and reading level
8
Q
Elaborate (5E Model)
A
Fourth phase of 5E model. students extend their thinking and practice new skills.
9
Q
Engage (5E Model)
A
First phase of 5E model. students become mentally engaged, make connections to previous learning, and think about their own learning outcomes.
10
Q
English-Language Learners
A
students whose first language is not English or who come from an environment in which English is not the dominant language
11
Q
Evaluate (5E Model)
A
Final (fifth) phase of 5E model. students are assessed on their understanding and teachers evaluate learning to inform their next lesson.
12
Q
Evidence-Based Science Instruction
A
using educational research to design lessons
13
Q
Experimental Group
A
a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment
14
Q
Experimental Investigation
A
Researchers assign subjects in the sample to certain treatments, then observe the effects of the treatment. Can show causation (cause and effect).
Does using algebra tiles during instruction help freshman students learn how to solve equations?
15
Q
Explain (5E Model)
A
Third phase of 5E model. students explain what they know and verbalize their understanding. Teachers use this phase to formally define terms and explain processes.
16
Q
Explicit Teaching
A
the process of teaching by communicating clear expectations and giving specific feedback to students
17
Q
Explore (5E Model)
A
Second phase of 5E model. students work with the material, developing their knowledge, and usually actively manipulating materials or interactive content.
18
Q
Feedback Loop
A
a series of experiments in which the results lead to more possible hypotheses and subsequently more testing
19
Q
Formal Assessments
A
a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application. Often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria.
20
Q
Formative Assessments
A
a usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed.
portfolios, graphic organizers, games
21
Q
Hypothesis
A
an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.
If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.
22
Q
Independent Variable
A
a variable which is manipulated by the scientist conducting the experiment
23
Q
Informal Assessments
A
More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested
observations during a lesson
24
Q
Inquiry-Based Activities
A
activities that allow students to participate in the scientific method with little guidance from the teacher
experiments, discussions
25
K-W-L Chart
A graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows what students know (K), want to know (W), and learned (L)
26
Observations
information gathered using the five senses
| smell, color
27
Products
material produced by the student to demonstrate content mastery
artwork, posters, lab activities, journals
28
Qualitative Data
data which is described rather than measured
| color, shape, smell
29
Quantitative Data
data which is measured and usually expressed numerically
| distance, time, temperature
30
Summative Assessments
Tests given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative assessments are generally formal.
State assessments, district benchmarks, semester or six weeks tests, and end of unit or chapter
31
Hardness
the mineral's resistance to scratching; measured on the Mohs scale, where talc, the softest mineral, has a score of 1 and diamond, the hardest, has a score of 10
32
Sedimentary Rock
rock formed when sediments build up and cement together
33
Rock
an accumulation of one or more minerals
| sedimentary rock
34
Outer Core
the layer of the earth just beneath the mantle; composed of very hot, liquified rock
35
Tectonic Plates
plates or portions of Earth's crust and upper mantle, which glide across the asthenosphere
Pacific Plate
36
Silt
Dense with small particles, feels soapy, forms from weathered granite and feldspar, holds water and compacts easily.
37
Mineral
a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly, network structure and definite chemical composition
diamond
38
Continental Crust
crust found under continents; made of mostly silicon, oxygen, and aluminum
39
Weathering
a destructive process by which rock is gradually worn away and broken into smaller sediments and/or soil water gradually breaking down and smoothing rock
40
Crystalline Structure
the degree to which the mineral is arranged in a crystal lattice structure; the more crystalline the mineral is, the harder that lattice is to see with the naked eye diamond is more crystalline than graphite and is therefore stronger
41
Streak
the color of the mineral in powder form; obtained by dragging a piece of the mineral across a piece of unglazed porcelain
amethyst has a streak color of white
42
Ocean Basins
depressions on the earth's surface due to the sinking of oceanic crust
43
Convection Currents
the movement of fluid which transfers heat from one place to another
air in a hot air balloon - hot air travels upward and cools, then the denser, cooler air sinks, resulting in the circular motion of the air
44
Color
the color of the mineral
| purple amethyst
45
Equator
The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere
46
Nuclear Fission
a process in which the nuclei of an atom is split, releasing a massive amount of energy.
47
Chemical Weathering
the process of breaking down rocks by chemical means
| acid rain
48
Convection
the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water heat rising from a lit candle
49
Constructive Processes
processes that add new landforms to the surface of the earth
landslides, hot spot volcanoes
50
Karst Topography
a stretch of land that overlays porous, soluble rock
51
Metamorphic Rock
form when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to great heat and pressure
marble
52
Crust
the outermost and coolest layer of the earth
53
Hot Spring
a geological feature produced when water is heated by geothermal activity and pushed to Earth's surface Banff Upper Hot Springs in Banff National Park
54
Diaphaneity
"the transparency of the mineral or ability of light to pass through it"
witherite is translucent, allowing some light through
55
Mechanical Weathering
the process of breaking down rocks by physical means water freezes in a crack in the rock and breaks it apart
56
Soil Profile
"The layers of soil found in a region. When a cut is made, the profile is the seen as a stack of soil horizons."
57
Heat Transfer
the movement of thermal energy from one material to another
| hands on hot coffee cup
58
Conduction
the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching
heating pad
59
Nutrients
substances in food and beverages that nourish the body. They support growth, produce energy, and maintain the body. fat
60
Odor
the smell of a mineral; some minerals give off an odor when moistened or heated pyrite gives off a rotten egg odor when heated
61
Mantle
the layer of the earth just beneath the crust; composed of very hot rock
62
Taste
the mineral's taste; only soluble minerals have a taste halite has a salty taste
63
Loam
A fertile soil mixture of mostly sand with some clay and silt. Ideal for gardening because it holds water and nutrients.
64
Tenacity
the mineral's ability to resist separation or breaking when subjected to stress
quartz is brittle and will be crushed to a powder when hammered
65
Organic Material
dead plant and animal material in the soil decomposing blades of grass
66
Inner Core
the extremely hot innermost layer of the earth; composed of mostly solid iron and nickel
67
Plate Tectonics
the large-scale movements of portions of the earth's crust over long periods of time
68
Sand
Relatively large particles. Feels gritty and drains rapidly.
69
Acid Rain
Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution.
sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid
70
Luster
the ability of the mineral's surface to reflect light; can be metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic
galena has a metallic luster
71
Cleavage
the pattern along which the mineral breaks
| halite has cleavage in three directions
72
Soil
the upper layer of the earth's surface; formed from the weathering of rocks
73
Oceanic Crust
crust found under oceans; made of mostly silicon, oxygen, and magnesium
74
Destructive Processes
processes that destroy landforms
| weathering, erosion
75
Geyser
a geological feature where magma close to the surface heats groundwater and the resulting pressure forces the water up to the surface Old Faithful
76
Microorganisms
organisms so small a microscope is needed to see them -bacteria, fungus
77
Hot Spot
a place far away from tectonic plate boundaries where upwelling magma creates a hole in Earth's crust and lava erupts onto the surface Galapagos Islands
78
Erosion
The slow wearing away the surface of the land by wind or water
79
wind erosion, water runoff
Soil Horizon
80
Igneous Rock
rock formed when magma or lava cools -granite
81
Peat
Rich in organic material, compresses easily, holds water, may be acidic, spongy to touch.
82
Specific Gravity
the ratio of the density of the mineral to the density of water
sapphire has a specific gravity of about 4, meaning it is 4 times heavier than an equal amount of water
83
Radiation
heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave
| standing by a hot fire
84
Clay
Dense and heavy, with very small particles, a smooth texture, and little organic material. Holds water and may be alkaline.
85
Magnetism
the response of a mineral when exposed to magnetic materials magnetite displays strong attraction to magnetic fields
86
Daylight Saving Time
the practice of setting clocks forward one hour during the summer months
87
Partial Solar Eclipse
an event in which the sun is only partially blocked by the moon
88
Spring Tide
"greater tidal effects due to the sun, moon, and Earth being aligned"
89
Neap Tide
"lesser tidal effects due to the sun and moon pulling on the earth from different directions"
90
Spring
a season with roughly equal length of day and night; marks transition from winter into summer
91
Northern Hemisphere
The half of the earth north of the equator
92
Waning Gibbous
the phase during which the illuminated side of the moon is decreasing, but more than half the face of the moon is illuminated as seen from Earth
93
Low Tide
lower water levels due to being out of line with the gravity of the moon and sun
94
Mars
the fourth planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); the "Red Planet"; home to Olympus Mons, the tallest mountain in the solar system;
95
New Moon
the phase during which the moon is between the sun and the earth; the side of the moon visible from Earth receives no direct sunlight
96
Annular Solar Eclipse
an event in which the moon is farthest from the sun; this appears as a smaller dark circle on the sun
97
Time Zones
a region of the earth which observes a uniform standard time; there are around 37 time zones, depending on daylight saving time
-Nepal Standard Time
98
Fall
a season with roughly equal length of day and night; marks transition from summer into winter
99
Satellite
an object or body that orbits another object or body Earth's moon
100
Asteroids
small, rocky bodies in the sun's orbit Ceres
101
Dwarf Planet
a small planet not large enough to clear its orbit of debris -Pluto
102
Meteor
a meteoroid that has entered Earth's atmosphere
103
Lunar Eclipse
an event in which the moon's surface is obscured or darkened by Earth's shadow
104
Jupiter
the fifth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); largest planet; over twice as massive as all the other planets combined; has four large moons; about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium
105
Earth
the third planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); only known habitable planet; 71% of surface covered with liquid water
106
Total Solar Eclipse
an event in which the sun is completely blocked by the moon
107
Meteorite
what remains of a meteor after it hits the surface of the earth
108
High Tide
higher water levels due to the gravity of the moon and sun
109
Tides
rising and falling sea levels due to the sun's and moon's gravity and the rotation of the earth
110
Pluto
previously classified as the ninth planet from the sun; usually now classified as a minor planet or dwarf planet; has four moons
111
Full Moon
the phase during which the moon is 180 degrees away from the sun as seen from earth; the face of the moon is nearly fully illuminated
112
Summer
the season with the longest days, shortest nights, and hottest temperature; summer occurs when that region of the earth is tilted toward the sun
113
Solar System
A star, as well as the planets, satellites, asteroids, and all the other objects orbiting it. They travel together through space.
114
Sedna
another dwarf planet; much farther from the sun than Pluto; takes 10,000 years to orbit the sun
115
Bulges
areas on the earth in line with the moon's gravity which have a larger amount of water
116
Solar Eclipse
an event in which the sun's surface is obscured or darkened by the moon
117
Comet
a body made of ice and dust in the sun's orbit; contains a gas and dust "tail" -Halley's Comet
118
Uranus
the seventh planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); composed mostly of rock and ice; has 27 named moons
119
Planet
a body moving in orbit around a star; large enough to clear debris in its orbit; has enough gravity to make it round -Earth
120
Saturn
the sixth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); the least dense planet; has a complex ring system
121
Winter
the season with the shortest days, longest nights, and coldest temperatures; winter occurs when that region of the earth is tilted away from the sun
122
Heliocentricity
the understanding that the sun is at the center of our solar system
123
Phase of The Moon
the appearance of the surface of the moon as seen on earth
124
Meteoroids
small bodies of debris from space which move into Earth's atmosphere and can then turn into meteors
125
First Quarter
the phase during which the moon is 90 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; the moon is a quarter illuminated and has traveled a quarter of the way around the earth
126
Venus
the second planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly smaller than Earth; similar density and chemical composition to Earth
127
Last Quarter
the phase during which the moon is 270 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; half the moon's surface is illuminated as seen from Earth
128
Neptune
the eighth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); methane in the atmosphere absorbs red light to make it appear blue; gives off over twice as much energy as it receives from the sun
129
Period (of A Comet)
the amount of time it takes for a comet to orbit the sun Halley's Comet has a period of about 75 years
130
Waxing Gibbous
the phase during which more than half the moon is illuminated as seen from Earth
131
Waning Crescent
the phase during which the illuminated portion of the moon is decreasing and less than half the moon's face is illuminated
132
Mercury
the first planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly larger than Earth's moon; experiences extreme temperature variations; large iron core
133
Waxing Crescent
the phase during which the moon is between 0 and 90 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; the side of the moon visible from Earth gradually becomes more illuminated
134
Coriolis Effect
due to Earth's rotation and uneven heating, objects in the northern hemisphere deflect to the right, and objects in the southern hemisphere deflect to the left Cyclones in southern hemisphere rotate clockwise
135
Evaporation
a phase change from the liquid state to the gas state water boils and turns to steam
136
Transpiration
process of evaporation in which water exits as vapor from the surface of plant leaves
137
Condensation
a phase change from the gas state to the liquid state humidity condensing on a cold glass of tea
138
Water Vapor
water in the gas phase
139
Humidity
a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air
140
Surface Runoff
water which flows over the surface of the earth to a body of water
141
Percolate
to travel from the surface to groundwater through the spaces between soil and rock particles
142
Equator
The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere
143
Southern Hemisphere
The half of the earth south of the equator
144
Water Cycle / Hydrologic Cycle
the process by which water circulates between the earth and the atmosphere
145
Northern Hemisphere
The half of the earth north of the equator
146
Precipitation
water which falls to the earth due to gravity
| -rain, snow, sleet, hail
147
Surface Current
a river-like flow of water of different temperature within Earth's oceans -Humboldt Current
148
Acid Rain
Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution.
sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid
149
Feedback Loop (in Systems)
a process by which the results of a change increase or decrease the effect of the change
melting ice caps due to global warming increases global warming
150
Fossil Fuels
a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms.
natural gas, petroleum, coal
151
Global Warming / Climate Change
an overall increase in average global temperatures due to the greenhouse effect (the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere trapping more heat)
152
Greenhouse Effect
the trapping of the sun's heat in the atmosphere due to the increased presence of gases in the atmosphere; light is allowed to pass through, but heat is trapped, similar to the glass walls of a greenhouse
153
Greenhouse Gases
gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth's atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm
carbon dioxide
154
Heliocentricity
the understanding that the sun is at the center of our solar system
155
Non-Renewable Resources
resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished
natural gas, petroleum
156
Renewable Resources
resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used
wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power
157
Risk Assessment
the process by which scientists analyze potential risks and benefits before conducting scientific investigations and experiments
158
Scientific Knowledge
scientific fact discovered using the scientific method
159
Scientific Method
a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results
160
Accuracy
a way of determining/discussing how close a measurement is to its actual value; often defined as 1/2 of the smallest measuring unit
161
Bar Graph
a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories
162
English system / Imperial system
a system of measurement used in the United States using units such as feet, pounds and ounces
163
Grams (g)
the base metric unit of mass
164
Histogram
a visual representation of data, similar to a bar graph, which compares frequencies of different occurrences
165
International System of Units (SI) / The Metric System
a system of measurement used throughout the world
| meters, liters, grams
166
Liters (l)
the base metric unit of volume
167
Measurement
a number that shows the size or amount of something
168
Meter (m)
the unit for distance in the metric system
| The pool was 6 m deep.
169
Negative Correlation
a negative relationship between data points on a graph; as one variable decreases, the other variable increases; produces a trend line with a negative slope
170
No Correlation
no relationship between data points on a graph; the variables do not appear to be related, and no trend line can be drawn through the data points
171
Pie Chart
a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.
172
Positive Correlation
a positive relationship between data points on a graph; as one variable increases, so does the other; produces a trend line with a positive slope
173
Precision
a way of determining/discussing what level of accuracy is possible based on the tools used
174
Protractor
a tool used to measure angles
175
Ruler
a tool used to measure length
176
Scale
a tool used to measure weight or mass
177
Scatter Plot
a graph made by making one point for each value; the independent variable is shown on the x-axis and the dependent variable is shown on the y-axis
178
Tolerance (in stats)
the amount of measurement error that is allowed
179
Trend Line
a line drawn through the areas with the highest concentration of data points on a scatter plot; the trend line is a visual representation of the mean
180
Bar Graph
a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories
181
Conceptual Models
a representation of a system using diagrams or drawings to explain complex or abstract systems or processes
a diagram of cellular respiration
182
Conclusion
a summary of the results of an experiment; states whether the initial hypothesis was rejected or supported
183
Control Group
a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment
184
Controlled Variable
a variable which is kept stable throughout the experiment, across control and experimental groups
185
Correlational Research
```
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher may study two variables, but does not control the rest of the conditions of the study
a teacher who gives students one questionnaire about how many in-class activities they participate in and one about how engaged they feel in class
```
186
Data
measurements and observations recorded during an experiment
187
Data Table
an organized way to display data that presents the results in labeled rows and columns
t-chart
188
Dependent Variable
a variable which is measured by the scientist conducting the experiment
189
Evidence
data gathered in the course of scientific investigation, including measurements taken and observations made using the five senses
190
Experimental Group
a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment
191
Experimental Investigation
Researchers assign subjects in the sample to certain treatments, then observe the effects of the treatment. Can show causation (cause and effect).
Does using algebra tiles during instruction help freshman students learn how to solve equations?
192
Histogram
a visual representation of data, similar to a bar graph, which compares frequencies of different occurrences
193
Hypothesis
an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.
If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.
194
Independent Variable
a variable which is manipulated by the scientist conducting the experiment
195
Inference
a conclusion based on evidence, observation, and reasoning
196
Line Graph
a visual representation of data which shows change over time or in response to a manipulated variable
197
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
a standardized information sheet for a substance; includes information about health risks, safe disposal and cleanup of spills, and environmental risks
198
Mathematical Models
models that use mathematical formulas, variables, and language to refer to relationships and processes in a system
-the formula for gravitational force, F=mg
199
Models
physical, mathematical, or visual representations of scientific phenomena
-a diagram of the eye
200
Non-Experimental Investigation
a research method in which conditions are not carefully controlled; the scientist may study an independent and/or dependent variable, but does not control the other factors in the investigation
survey, observation, analysis of observed behavior
201
Observations
information gathered using the five senses
| smell, color
202
Peer-Reviewed
the process of fact-checking by other experts in the same field; ensures the quality of published work
203
Physical Models
a smaller or larger replica of an object done to scale
| a physical model of an atom
204
Pie Chart
a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.
205
Quasi-Experimental Research
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher studies the effects of an independent variable, but chooses experimental groups rather than assigning them randomly
a nutritionist starts a nutrition education program at one nursing home and not at another one, then compares the health of the residents at each nursing home afterward
206
Scientific Law
a proven explanation for a phenomenon
| Newton's Laws of Motion
207
Scientific Method
a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results
208
Scientific Theory
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon which may not be testable
Darwin's Theory of evolution
209
Single-Variable Research
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher makes observations before and after the application of a treatment or question
hidden-camera shows in which a magician tries the same trick with different groups of people
210
Variables
factors affecting the outcome of an experimental investigation
the amount of water given to a plant might be the independent variable
211
Waft
Wave the air toward the face. The safe way to smell a test tube.
212
Physical Change
```
a change in the appearance of a material with no change to its chemical composition
phase change (water boiling)
```
213
Ground State
the lowest-energy arrangement of electrons in an atom
214
Molecule
electrically neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined together by a molecular bond
oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere
215
Chemical Reaction
a reaction that forms a new substance by rearranging the atomic bonds between atoms
salt (NaCl) from sodium and chlorine
216
Sublimation
a pure solid changes directly into a gas
217
Luster
the ability of the mineral's surface to reflect light; can be metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic
galena has a metallic luster
218
Ionic Bond
a chemical bond between oppositely charged atoms when electrons are removed from one atom and given to an atom of another element
-salt (NaCl)
219
Pure Substance
a substance that consists of only one type of atom or molecule
-Helium gas
220
Helium gas
temperature at which melting and freezing occur; a physical property of a substance
32 degrees fahrenheit for water
221
Solution
```
a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another
simple syrup (sugar and water)
```
222
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
| mud
223
Mixture
-
224
Density
the amount of mass present in a given volume. Reflection of how tightly packed the atoms are.
Water has a density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter.
225
Compound
groups of two or more different elements held together by ionic or molecular bonds
NaCl and H2O
226
Condensation
a phase change from the gas state to the liquid state
| humidity condensing on a cold glass of tea
227
Proton
positively charged particle found in the nucleus of atoms
228
Melting
a phase change from the solid state to the liquid state
| mercury melts at -38 degrees fahrenheit
229
Heterogeneous Mixture
a mixture that is not uniformly mixed
| granola with raisins at the bottom
230
Homogeneous Mixture
a mixture with the same ratio of parts throughout the mixture
salt dissolved in water
231
Atoms
the smallest unit of matter
| carbon atom
232
Molecular Bond / Covalent Bond
a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms
| water (H2O)
233
Nucleus (of The Atom)
the positively charged, small, central core of an atom; made of protons and neutrons
234
Hardness
The mineral's resistance to scratching; measured on the Mohs scale, where talc, the softest mineral, has a score of 1 and diamond, the hardest, has a score of 10
diamond is hard, talc is soft
235
Physical Properties
properties that can be observed without a changing the substance
density, boiling point
236
Electron
low-mass, negatively charged particle; surrounds the nucleus of an atom
237
Phase Change
a change of state of a substance
| gas to liquid
238
Chemical Change
a change that alters the chemical composition of a material
| digestion
239
Freezing
a phase change from the liquid state to the solid state
| coconut oil solidifies at 76 degrees fahrenheit
240
Element
an atom with a unique number of protons in its nucleus
| iron
241
Neutron
neutral particle found in the nucleus of atoms
242
Boiling Point
temperature at which evaporation and condensation occur; a physical property of a substance
100 degrees celsius for water
243
Evaporation
a phase change from the liquid state to the gas state
| water boils and turns to steam
244
Ohms (Ω)
the unit for resistance
245
Current
The flow rate of charge, measured in amps (A). 3 amps (3 A)
246
Insulator
a material that prevents or limits the flow of electricity or heat glass, air
247
Circuit Diagram / Schematic
a drawing that uses symbols to show how components should be connected in a circuit
248
Ground
the lowest potential, or voltage, in a circuit negative battery terminal
249
Conductor
a material, often metal, through which electrons can move freely copper wire
250
Electromagnetic Force
interactions (pushes and pulls) of electrically charged particles with other charged particles and magnetic poles like charges repel, opposite charges attract
251
Electrical Conductivity
how well a material conducts electricity; a physical property of matter
252
Short Circuit
a dangerous circuit in which a conducting wire is connected directly across the two battery terminals
253
Voltage / Potential Difference / Potential
The difference in energy per charge across any two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). 9 volts (9 V)
254
Resistance
```
A device that reduces/limits/controls the current in a circuit, measured in ohms.
10 ohms (10 Ω)
```
255
Newton's First Law / The Law of Inertia
the law that objects resist changes in their state of motion
| a rolling bowling ball keeps moving at constant speed
256
Velocity
an object’s speed and direction, calculated from displacement/time
5 m/s, north
257
Meter (m)
the unit for distance in the metric system
| The pool was 6 m deep.
258
Mass
The amount of matter in an object, measured in kg in the SI system of units.
259
Gravitational Force
the force of attraction of all masses toward each other due to gravitational pull
Earth pulls on Moon
260
Force
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an interaction (push or pull) of one object with another that resists other forces or causes acceleration
tow-truck cable pulling on a car
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261
Distance
the length of the path traveled by an object
| 25 meters
262
Newton (N)
the SI unit of force, equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared
a typical woman weighs 550 N
263
Newton's Third Law
the law that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
clapping hands
264
Weak Nuclear Force
a force that resists particle decay in the nucleus radioactive decay
265
Displacement
the straight-line distance and direction between two positions 25 meters, north
266
Position
an object’s location at a given moment in time latitude and longitude
267
Acceleration
a measure of how quickly something changes its speed or direction, calculated from change in velocity/time slowing down, turning a corner
268
Net Force
The vector sum of all forces acting on an object.
269
Strong Nuclear Force
a force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus fission and fusion
270
Speed
a measure of how fast an object's position changes, calculated from distance/time 5 m/s
271
Gravity
the force of attraction of all masses toward each other due to gravitational pull sun on planets
272
Newton's Second Law
the law that greater masses require a greater force to achieve the same acceleration, F = ma force needed to stop a bowling ball vs baseball rolling at same speed
273
Electromagnetic Force
interactions (pushes and pulls) of electrically charged particles with other charged particles and magnetic poles like charges repel, opposite charges attract
274
Conduction
the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching heating pad
275
Energy Transformation
the change of one type of energy into another type sledding down a hill - potential energy into kinetic energy
276
Photosynthesis
process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen
277
Intensity
the amount of energy transported by a wave, measured in decibels (dB) ordinary conversation is about 50 dB
278
Hydroelectric Energy
energy collected as gravity pulls water from higher elevations to lower elevations Hoover Dam
279
Non-Renewable Resources
resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished
-natural gas, petroleum
280
Transverse Wave
a wave in which the direction of the vibration is perpendicular to the direction the energy travels vibrating guitar string
281
Wavelength
the length (in space) of one complete wave cycle, measured in distance units crest to crest distance on a water wave
282
Loudness
human perception of the intensity of a sound
| -industrial noise at 110 dB sounds very loud
283
Energy Transfer
the movement of energy from one object or place into another cue ball hitting billiard ball, transfers kinetic energy
284
Conservation of Energy
in a closed system, the total amount of energy is constant, even if it changes form or moves from one place to another girl diving off board into water
285
Wave Speed
a measure of how fast the wave energy moves from one place to another speed of light
286
Joule (J)
The units of heat and energy in the SI system (metric system).
287
Turbine
a device that transforms energy into kinetic energy
288
Threshold of Pain
sound at 120 dB
289
Energy
the ability to do work or apply a force that moves something through a distance gasoline
290
Heat Transfer
the movement of thermal energy from one material to another hands on hot coffee cup
291
Foot-Pound (Ft⋅Lb)
the unit for energy in US customary units
292
Generator
A device that uses electromagnetic induction to produce an electrical current. Generator in a car
293
Compression Wave
a longitudinal wave with areas of high and low pressure, or density
-sound
294
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion
| -person running; molecules vibrating
295
Fossil Fuels
a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms. natural gas, petroleum, coal
296
Electron Transitions
the movement of electrons from the ground state in atoms to higher orbitals and back due to the absorption and emission of energy neon lights
297
Crests
the peaks, or highest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave
298
Oil
a fossil fuel formed from marine plants
299
Visible Light
light with frequencies that humans can see rainbow
300
Electromagnetic Spectrum
the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays infrared, ultraviolet
301
Radiation
heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave standing by a hot fire
302
Potential Energy
energy that is stored in the position or configuration of objects ball on top of a hill; two positive electrical charges close together
303
Pitch
how high or low the sound seems to a human ear
304
Amplitude
the maximum displacement of a particle of the medium during a vibration (measured from non-vibrating position to one crest) height of an ocean wave above the ocean's normal surface height
305
Photon
a particle of light energy particle nature of light
306
Period
the time it takes to complete one full wave cycle, measured in seconds a 17 second stop-light cycle
307
Acid Rain
Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution. sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid
308
Dark Energy
an unknown source of energy that is thought to fuel the ever-increasing expansion of the Universe
309
Longitudinal Wave
a wave in which the direction of the vibration is parallel to the direction the energy travels
-sound
310
Coal
a fossil fuel formed from land plants
311
Dual Nature
light has both a wave nature and a particle nature
312
Mechanical Waves
Physical waves that travel through a medium. sound, water waves
313
Photovoltaics
panels collect sunlight and turn the energy into electricity
314
Nuclear Fusion
a process in which the nuclei of light elements, like hydrogen, fuse together to create the nuclei of heavier elements, like helium
-reactions within the sun
315
Medium
the material that carries a mechanical wave
| -air for sound wave, a string for a violin
316
Convection
the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water heat rising from a lit candle
317
Electromagnetic Waves
Waves consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum, i.e. they do not require a medium. Emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.
-light, radio waves, x-rays
318
Excited Electrons
electrons in orbitals higher than the ground state
319
Wave
a disturbance that transports energy as it moves through space and time
-water wave, electromagnetism, sound
320
Natural Gas
a fossil fuel byproduct formed with coal and oil
321
Threshold of Hearing
0 dB, the softest sound a human can hear
322
Greenhouse Gases
gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth's atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm
-carbon dioxide
323
Renewable Resources
resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used
-wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power
324
Mechanical Energy
the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a mechanical system
325
Troughs (of a Wave)
the valleys, or lowest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave
326
Solar Energy
energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation
327
Combustion Motor
a device that transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy
-car engine
328
Frequency
the number of full cycles that happen each second, measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz)
-a mosquito flapping 600 times per second or 600 Hz
329
Omnivore
an organism that eats both plants and animals for energy and nutrients. -pig
330
Intraspecific Competition
competition between members of the same species two male deer fighting for a mate
331
Population
a group of the same organisms in a specific habitat -number of human beings in a city
332
Individual / Organism
one individual organism of a given species -one human being
333
Competition (Ecology)
struggle among organisms for basic needs such as space, water, food, and sunlight two male lions fighting over a dead monkey
334
Apex Predator
an organism at the top of the food chain with little or no natural enemies -lion
335
Biosphere
region of the Earth in which all life exists. It extends from deep in the oceans into the atmosphere.
336
Secondary Consumer
an organism in a food chain that eats primary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores. -snake
337
Consumer
an organism which depends on another organism to provide the energy it needs to survive; assigned a trophic level depending on what kinds of organisms it eats horse
338
Cell
smallest unit of all living organisms nerve cell
339
Respiration
process where organisms use food (such as sugar) to make useful energy and waste products -sugar to ATP and carbon dioxide
340
Producer
an organism that uses abiotic resources (like the sun's rays) to make food grass
341
Food Web
show the flow of energy through an ecosystem through a complex network of overlapping food chains
342
Differentiation of Cells / Specialization of Cells
specialization; the process of stem cells becoming specialized cells
343
Carnivore
an organism that eats other animals for energy and nutrients. hyena
344
Keystone Species
species that plays a key role in the ecosystem by providing balance in most of the other populations, such as keeping omnivores in check by preying on them. starfish in a kelp forest
345
Photosynthesis
process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen
346
Decomposer
an organism that breaks down dead matter for energy and nutrients.. Returns unused nutrients to the soil. fungi
347
Tertiary Consumer
an organism in a food chain that eats secondary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores. bear
348
Biome
A classification of similar ecosystems. Biomes are classified by their types of plants, animals, soil, temperature, climate, and location. grassland
349
Metamorphosis
a change from one stage to the next in an organism’s life cycle
350
Ecosystem
A specific area with interaction of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors. A group of humans, plants, and animals living on a farm
351
Incomplete Metamorphosis
a three-stage cycle in which young look different than the adults, but it’s not as drastic of a change as it is in complete metamorphosis. consists of three stages: egg, larva (nymph), and adult; grasshoppers; dragonflies
352
Extinction
the dying out of all members of a species dodo birds
353
Interspecific Competition
competition between different species bison and horses competing for grass to eat
354
Primary Consumer
an organism in a food chain that eats the plants (producers). Also called herbivores. -antelope
355
Interdependent
relying on one another; species rely on one another for food, shelter, competition, cooperation, and symbiosis
356
Homeostasis
process by which an organism maintains stable internal conditions -sweating to stay cool
357
Greenhouse Gases
gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth's atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm -carbon dioxide
358
Community
a small group of interacting species a group of humans, along with their dogs, cats, trees, etc.
359
Complete Metamorphosis
a four-stage cycle in which the young look completely different than the adult. consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult -butterflies
360
Metabolism
the sum of chemical reactions in an organism, such as converting food
361
Herbivore
an organism that eats plants for energy and nutrients. antelope
362
Trophic Level
the level in the food chain assigned to an organism based on what it eats primary consumer
363
Apical Meristem
the portion of a plant in which cells are not specialized; usually located at the tips of the shoots and roots
364
Evolution
The gradual change in populations over time tortoise neck length changing over time in response to changing available vegetation
365
DNA
type of nucleic acid and the genetic code for all living organisms. This double helix shaped molecule is the genetic map that gives the organisms their characteristics.
366
Nucleic Acids
Provide genetic coding for a cell as DNA and RNA. Biomolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. DNA, RNA
367
Independent Assortment
the process by which each pair of chromosomes line up and separate randomly, creating diverse gametes.
368
Homozygous
a genotype that contains two identical alleles BB, bb
369
Recessive
the allele whose characteristic is masked by the dominant trait; organism must have two copies of this trait for it to show red hair, shortness in pea plants
370
Charles Darwin
an English naturalist who developed the idea of natural selection and theory of evolution; these ideas were published in the book On the Origin of Species
371
Behavioral Adaptation
an inherited change in behavior that helps organisms survive or avoid harm Monarch butterfly migration
372
RNA
type of nucleic acid. A type of it carries DNA messages to the cell to make proteins.
373
Adaptation
a modification that is either inherited or acquired that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce migration in winter
374
Structural Adaptation
an inherited change in physical features that helps organisms survive longer necks in tortoises to reach food
375
Natural Selection
The process by which, over time, the population as a whole contains more individuals which are better suited to that environment. faster antelopes survive to pass down traits
376
Population
a group of the same organisms in a specific habitat
| -number of human beings in a city
377
Phenotype
the physical appearance of an organism reflecting the specific genotype
-blue eyes or brown eyes
378
Allele
a form of a gene; there may be one or more forms blue vs brown eyes
379
Dominant
alleles that, when present, hide the other trait black hair, tallness in pea plants
380
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism referring to a set of traits -BB, Bb, or bb
381
Gene
a segment of a chromosome which codes for a specific trait ...ATTACGGACCAAGGTT…
382
Heterozygous
a genotype that contains two different alleles Bb
383
Reptiles
Cold-blooded animals that have a backbone (vertebrate) and dry, scaly skin. Live on land. -snake
384
Plant Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms (producers) grass
385
Stomata
small openings on plant leaves that water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through during photosynthesis. regulate the amount of air and water that enter and exit the leaf cell
386
Ribosome
organelle that makes proteins for the cell
387
Cell Wall
a rigid outer membrane that gives plants their shape and offers support for growth
388
Centrioles
the cell organelles which organize the spindle and pull chromosomes apart during mitosis. Found only in animal cells.
389
Fungi Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms feeding on dead matter (decomposers) -mushroom
390
Chloroplast
organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll
391
Nucleus (of The Cell)
organelle that contains DNA and can control cellular activity by turning genes in DNA on and off
392
Insects
Animals that typically have: no backbone (invertebrates), a hard outer covering (exoskeleton), three body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), antennae, 3 pairs of legs. bee
393
Cytoskeleton
threadlike proteins that give a cell its shape and allows it to move microtubules
394
Non-Vascular Plant
Type of plant that does not have an internal transport system -mosses
395
Protists Kingdom
eukaryotic, single-celled, but not an animal, plant, or fungus. -slime molds
396
Endoplasmic Reticulum
organelle that makes proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum). Rough ER has ribosomes attached, while smooth ER does not.
397
Animal Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms (consumers) horses
398
Amphibians
Cold-blooded animals that have a backbone (vertebrate) and smooth, moist skin. Lay their eggs in water, but adults live on land. frog
399
Mitochondria
organelle that converts chemical energy to ATP. often known as the “powerhouse” of the cell
400
Mitosis
the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
-the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
401
Lysosome
organelle in animal cells that contains enzymes to break down large molecules. It breaks down the cell when it dies
402
Bacteria
single celled, microscopic organisms that can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be helpful or harmful.
-E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus
403
Prokaryotes
any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane -bacteria
404
Deciduous Tree
type of tree that shed all of their leaves at a specific time/event (such as winter) oak tree
405
Cytoplasm
clear, jelly-like substance in plant and animal cells made up mostly of water
406
Cell Theory
the theory explaining life at a fundamental level; proposes that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells come from existing cells
407
Vesicle
organelle that transport materials throughout the cell.
408
Organelle
membrane-bound structures with specific roles. Found in all eukaryotic cells nucleus
409
Taxonomic Hierarchy
classification system used to categorize all living organisms. The classification starts with the most inclusive group according to characteristics (domain) and ends with the most specific (species).
410
Eukaryotes
any organism having a cell type that contains a nucleus and specialized organelles plants
411
Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
a soft membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Movement of molecules in and out of the cell is regulated by this membrane.
412
Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus
organelle that takes in proteins, makes sure they aren't defective, and "packages" them in vesicles to send them to other parts of the cell.
413
Archaea / Archaebacteria
single celled organisms that sometimes live in extreme places where life wasn't expected to be found, such as around hot water vents deep in the ocean
414
Coniferous Tree
type of tree that do NOT shed all of their leaves at a specific time/event (such as winter) -pine tree
415
Mammals
warm-blooded animals that typically: have three bones in their ears, have hair, and produce milk for their young -cows
416
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light is required to make the reaction occur such as sunlight that is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis
417
Chloroplast
organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll
418
"Cardiovascular /
| Circulatory System"
transports material (ex: oxygen) throughout the body- heart
419
Digestive System
breaks down food that is eaten through physical and chemical reactions, then either absorbs it (small intestine) or passes it from the body (rectum) stomach
420
Respiratory System
brings oxygen into the bloodstream and releases carbon dioxide from the bloodstream lungs
421
Chlorophyll
pigments that capture energy from solar radiation and power the chemical process
422
Endocrine System
produces hormones that are used by other parts of the body to regulate, react, or grow pituitary gland
423
Spore Dispersal
asexual reproduction involving the diffusion of spores by air or water mosses, ferns
424
Pollen
male plant gametes; haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of normal plant cells; fertilize the ovule
425
Sexual Reproduction
reproduction using the genetic material from two parents flowering plants creating a fruit
426
Transpiration
process of evaporation in which water exits as vapor from the surface of plant leaves
427
Ovary
the flower structure which produces ovules
428
Coefficient (in a Reaction)
Number placed in front of a molecule indicating how many are needed for a reaction
429
Calvin Cycle
Stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is synthesized into sugar
430
Self-Fertilization
sexual reproduction using the genetic material from one plant; pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of the same plant pea plants and other flowering plants
431
Stomata
small openings on plant leaves that water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through during photosynthesis. regulate the amount of air and water that enter and exit the leaf cell
432
Style
the flower structure which supports the stigma; the tube down which pollen travels to the ovary
433
Stigma
in flowers, the top portion of the pistil; the location of pollen germination
434
Haploid
a type of cell with half the genetic material normally present; a gamete or sex cell
435
Pistil
female reproductive organs of a plant; includes ovary, style, and stigma
436
Asexual Reproduction
reproduction using the genetic material from only one parent. Offspring are created via mitosis and genetically identical to parents. bacteria using binary fission to divide into two cells
437
Skeletal System
protects the organs, gives the body structure and support, works with the muscular system for movement, and stores essential minerals like calcium femur bone
438
Integumentary System
protects the internal parts of the body from foreign matter, regulates body temperature, and gets rid of some wastes such as water and salt through perspiration. skin
439
Phototropism
The response of a plant to light Sunflower pointing toward the sun
440
Filament
the plant reproductive structure which supports the anther
441
Ovule / Egg
female plant gametes; haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of normal plant cells; fertilized by pollen
442
Leaves
primary site of photosynthesis in plants
443
Light-Independent Reaction
Reactions that can occur without light being present
444
Worms (Infectious)
an infectious agent which targets organs or organ systems
| -Trichinella spiralis, Schistosoma
445
Protozoa
an infectious agent which is transmitted between organisms and can target body systems and cause cell death Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei
446
Budding / Vegetative Propagation
asexual reproduction involving branching off of the main organism
-dogwood trees, birch trees
447
Thigmotropism
The response of a plant to touch Ivy growing on walls
448
Cross-Pollination
sexual reproduction using the genetic material from two plants; pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of another flowers; vegetables
449
Fungi
an infectious agent which can infect a variety of tissue types and requires an antifungal to kill
-Tinea versicolor, Microsporum, Trichophyton
450
Photosynthesis
process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen
451
Lymphatic System / Immune System
protects body from disease and infection and removes excess water from around the organs -white blood cells
452
Viruses
an infectious agent which can only reproduce with the help of another organism -influenza, hepatitis, human papillomavirus (HPV)
453
Muscular System
moves body parts working with the skeletal system (ex: leg) or materials (ex: food via intestine, blood via heart)
-bicep muscle
454
Urinary/Excretory System
controls water balance and removes wastes from the bloodstream kidneys
455
Anther
the plant reproductive structure which contains pollen
456
Infectious Agents
members of an ecosystem which can cause disease, sickness, and even death to organisms
457
Gravitropism
The response of a plant to gravity. Roots growing towards the center of earth
458
Nervous System
detects and processes information and activates body responses to that information -brain
459
Reproductive System
creates gametes (male: sperm, female: eggs) and facilitates creating offspring ovaries
460
Bacteria
single celled, microscopic organisms that can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be helpful or harmful. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus
461
Stamen
the male reproductive structure of the plant; includes the anther and filament
