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Science TEAS > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

TEAS prep

1
Q

cell

A

basic organizational unit of all living things. every cell has nucleic acid, cytoplasm and cell membrane

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2
Q

membrane

A

All cells contain a membrane composed of phospholipids. like a semi permeable plastic bag with transport holes

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3
Q

cytoplasm/cytosol

A

cell is filled with fluid called

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4
Q

organelles

A

complex molecules that help a cell survive. larger the cell the more organelles required to survuve

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5
Q

All cells contain this to synthesize proteins

A

DNA / RNA

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6
Q

specialized organelles

A

mitochondria and choroplasts

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7
Q

tissues

A

cells group together

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8
Q

organs

A

tissues grouped together

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9
Q

systems

A

organs grouped together

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10
Q

organism

A

complete individual

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11
Q

ribosome

A

synthesizing proteins from amino acids. make up about 1 quarter of the cell. some are embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum.

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12
Q

golgi complex (apparatus)

A

synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell. located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membrances

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13
Q

vacuoles

A

sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal. there is one large vacuole in plant cells. animal cells have small sometimes numerous vacuoles

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14
Q

vesicle

A

small organelle within a cell. performs various functions including moving materials within a cell

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15
Q

cytoskeleton

A

consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell

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16
Q

cytosol

A

liquid material in the cell, mostly water. contains some floating molecules

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17
Q

cell membrane/plasma membrane

A

plasma membrane- acst as a barrier. determines whats allowed in and out of the cell. made of lipids and proteins

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough has ribosomes on it and smooth doesnt. tubular network that makes up the transport system of a cell. it is fused to nuclear membrane and extends through cytoplasm to cell membrane

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19
Q

mitochondria

A

some cells may have one or many. generates ATP and is involved in cell growth and death. they have their own DNA that is separate from the DNA in the nucleus, numerous in eukaryotic cells.

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20
Q

mitochondria functions

A

production of cell energy and cell signaling, cell cycle, and growth regulation

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21
Q

cell signaling (mitochondria)

A

how communications are carried out in a cell

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22
Q

cellular differentiation (mitochondria)

A

process where cells become more specialized cells with a purpose

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23
Q

cell cycle and growth regulation (mitochondria)

A

cells get ready to reproduce and reproduces

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24
Q

mitochondria membrane

A

2 membranes. Inner membrane encloses the matrix whic contains Mitchondrial DNA and ribosomes.

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25
Q

mitochondrial cristae

A

between inner and outer membranes are folds- this is where chemical reactions occur. release energy, control water levels in cells, recycle and create proteins and fats. aerobic respiration also occurs in mitochondria

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26
Q

centrosomes

A

animal cell structure- pair of centrioles located at right angles and surrounded by protein. involved in mitosis of the cell

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27
Q

centrioles

A

animal cell structure- cylinder shaped structures near the nucleus that are involved in cell division. each cylinder consists of 9 groups of 3 microtubules. centrioles occur in pairs

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28
Q

lysosome

A

animal cell structure-digests proteins, lipids and carbs, also trnsports undigested substances to cell membrance so they can be removed. their shape depends on whats being moved.

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29
Q

cilia

A

animal cell structure-causes cell to move. can also result in fluid beuing moved by the cell

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30
Q

flagella

A

animal cell structure-tail like structures that use whip like movements to help cell move

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31
Q

nucleus

A

contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell. nucleus is the defining structure of eukaryotic cells- they all have a nucleus. nucleus is responsible for passing on genetic traits. contains- nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes

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32
Q

chromosomes

A

highly condensed threadlike rods of DNA . DNA stores info about the plant or animal

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33
Q

Chromatin

A

consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

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34
Q

Nucleolus

A

structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein. small round and doesnt have a membrane. involved with protein synthesis and synthesizes and stores RNA

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35
Q

nuclear envelope

A

this encloses the structures of the nucleus.consists of inner and outer membranes made of lipids

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36
Q

nuclear spores

A

involved in the exchange of material between nucleus and cytoplasm

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37
Q

nucleoplasm

A

liquid within the nucleus and is similar to cytoplasm

38
Q

phospholipid bi layer

A

diuble layer with hydrophillic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment and the inner layer facing the inside of the cell. hydrophobic ends face eachother

39
Q

cholesterol

A

in the cell membrane provides stiffness and flexibilty

40
Q

glycolipids

A

help the cell recognize other cells of the organisms

41
Q

proteins

A

help give cell its chape. special proteins help the cell communicate with itd external environment. other proteins transport molecules across the cell membrane

42
Q

selective permeability

A

size, charge, and solubility. size- only small molucules can diffuse through like water and oxegyn. the charge on the cells surface either attract or repels ions. ions with like charges repel, opposite charges attract. active transport and vesicles

43
Q

mitosis

A

the “daughter cell” is an exact replica of the parent cell

44
Q

meiosis

A

the daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell. only happens in special reproductive cells called gamates

45
Q

zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gamates

46
Q

gastrulation

A

early phase in embryonic development. cells are organized into 3 primary layers- ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

47
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system develops from this later

48
Q

mesoderm

A

muscular system develops from this layer

49
Q

endoderm

A

much of the digestive system develops from this layer

50
Q

mitosis phases (exact replicas-tissue)

A

interphase, prohase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

51
Q

interphase

A

cell prepares by replicating genetic and cytoplasmic material further G1, S, and G2

52
Q

prophase

A

chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers begin to form. the mitotic spindle formed from cytoskeleton parts moves chromosomes around within the cell

53
Q

metaphase

A

the spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure

54
Q

anaphase

A

pairs of chromosomes called sisters begin to pull apart and may bend. when they are seperate they are called daughter chromosomes grooves appear in the cell membrane

55
Q

telophase

A

the spindle disintegrates the nuclear memebranes reform and the chromosomes revert to chromatin. in animal cells the membrane is pinched. in plant cells a new cell wall begins to form.

56
Q

cytokinesis

A

the physical splitting of the cell including the cytoplasm into two cells.

57
Q

meiosis phases

A

same phases as mitosis but it happens twice.
1st phase has interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. second cell division doesnt have interphase. after second cell division there are 4 daughter cells that are haploid meaning they only have half the DNA.

58
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

59
Q

epithelial tissue

A

tissue in which cells are joined together tightly. i.e. skin

60
Q

connective tissue

A

maybe dense, loose, or fatty. protects and binds body parts. bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph

61
Q

cartilage tissue

A

cushions and provides structural support for body parts. jelly like base and is fibrous

62
Q

blood tissue

A

transports oxygen to cells and removes waste. carries hormones and defends against disease

63
Q

bone tissue

A

hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues and organs. its marrow produces red blood cells

64
Q

muscle tissue

A

muscle tissue helps support and move the body. the three types of muscle tissue are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

65
Q

nervous tissue

A

located in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. cells called neurons form a network through the body that control responses to change in the external and internal environment. some send signals to muscles and glands to trigger responses.

66
Q

11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS

A

Integumentary, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, immune, digestive, excretory, muscular, skeletal, reproductive

67
Q

medial

A

midline of body

68
Q

lateral

A

structures further away from the bodys midline

69
Q

cephalad / cephalic

A

toward the head

70
Q

caudad

A

towards the tail

71
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right sections

72
Q

frontal plane

A

divides body in front and back

73
Q

transverse plane

A

divides body into upper and lower section

74
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx

75
Q

lower respiratory system

A

trachea, lungs, bronchial tree

76
Q

airway includes

A

nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx(throat) larynx(voicebox), trachea(windpipe), bronchi, broncial network

77
Q

alveoli

A

where gas is exchanged

78
Q

acid-base homeostasis

A

hyperventilation can increase blood ph during acidosis (low ph). slowing breathing during alkalosis(high ph) hekps to lower blood ph.

79
Q

breathing is controlled by what part of the brain

A

medulla oblongata. monitors level of carbon dioxide in the blood and signals the breathing rate to increase

80
Q

blood composition

A

5 quarts in adult body- red and white blood cells, platelets, plasma. plasma makes up over hald of blood volume. it is mostly water and serves as a solvent. plasma contains proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones and dissolved gases.

81
Q

blood vessels

A

tubules of different sizes that transport blood-helps make up circulatory system

82
Q

heart

A

muscular pump providing pressure to keep blood flowing -helps make up circulatory system

83
Q

lymph vascular system

A

cleans up excess fluid and proteins and returns them to the circulatory system

84
Q

composition of all blood vessels except capillaries

A

innermost tunica intima, tunica media consists of smooth muscle adn elastic fibers, and outermost tunica adventitia

85
Q

elastic arteries

A

aorta and major branches- tunica media has more elastin than any other vessels- stretch when blood is forced out and recoil under low pressure

86
Q

muscular arteries

A

arteries that branch of the elastic arteries– tunica media has more smooth muscle cells and less elastin. function- regulate blood flow with vasodilation and vasoconstriction

87
Q

arterioles

A

tiny vessels that lead to capillary beds– tunica media is thin but composed of almost entirely smooth muscle- primary vessels involved in vasoconstriction / vasodilation. control blood flow to the capillaries

88
Q

venules

A

tiny vessels that exit the capillary beds. thin porous walls few muscles cells and elastic fibers- empty blood into larger veins

89
Q

veins

A

thin tunica media and tunica intima. wide lumen with valves to prevent back flow- carry blood back to the heart

90
Q

white blood cells

A

lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basohils

91
Q

platelets

A

fragments of stem cells and help with blood clotting

92
Q

cardiac cycle

A

atrial contraction fills ventricles and ventricular contraction empties them forcing circulation.

Science TEAS (1 decks)

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