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Science Flashcards

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1
Q

anatomical position

A

standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward.

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2
Q

cells

A

the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.

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3
Q

cellular functions

A

processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement.

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4
Q

directional terminology

A

words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc,)

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5
Q

organ systems

A

functional groups of organs that work together within the body; circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous.

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6
Q

organelle

A

a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function.

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7
Q

organ

A

a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function.

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8
Q

reference planes

A

planes dividing the body to describe locations; sagittal, coronal, and transverse.

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9
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs.

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10
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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11
Q

asthma

A

a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing

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12
Q

bronchi

A

the main passageways directly attached to the lungs

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13
Q

bronchioles

A

small passage in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

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14
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections.

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15
Q

perfusion

A

the passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

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16
Q

pleura

A

a membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

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17
Q

surfactant

A

a fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs

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18
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

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19
Q

trachea

A

a windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

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20
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation

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21
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body

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22
Q

capillary

A

small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules

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23
Q

diastole

A

the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood

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24
Q

heart

A

the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body

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25
hemoglobin
the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
26
leukocyte
white blood cells, which protect the body against disease
27
lymph
clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
28
lymphocyte
a subtype of white blood cells around the lymph
29
plasma
the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body
30
systole
the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood
31
vein
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
32
anus
the opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled
33
bolus
a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed
34
chyme
the semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine
35
enzymatic digestion
the break down of food by enzymes for absorption
36
gall bladder
the organ that stores bile
37
large intestine
also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination
38
liver
the organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions
39
mouth
the oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal
40
pancreas
the gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
41
peristalsis
a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
42
rectum
the last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus
43
saliva
the clear fluid found in the mouth, also known as spit
44
small intestine
the part of the GI tract between the stomach and the large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs
45
stomach
the organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs
46
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate
47
axon
a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
48
contraction
the process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle
49
involuntary
without intentional control
50
muscle
fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body
51
nerve
a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord
52
reflex
an involuntary action to a stimulus
53
relaxation
release of tension in a muscle
54
synapse
the structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
55
voluntary
with intentional control
56
cervix
the passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
57
estrogen
female sex hormones
58
fallopian tubes
tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
59
ovary
organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction
60
penis
organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body
61
prostate
the gland in males that control the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
62
scrotum
the ouch of skin that contains the testicles
63
testes (testicles)
the organs that produce sperm
64
testosterone
the hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics
65
urethra
the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body
66
uterus
the womb
67
vagina
the tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix
68
vas deferens
the duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra
69
constrict
to become narrower
70
dermis
the middle layer of skin
71
dilate
to become wider
72
epidermis
the outer layer of skin
73
excretion
elimination of metabolic waste from the body
74
gland
an organ that secretes a substance
75
integumentary system
an organ system comprised of skin ad its associated organs
76
skin
the thin layer of tissue that covers the body
77
subcutaneous
under the dermis
78
sweat
perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin
79
adrenal
a gland above the kidneys that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
80
hormone
a chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body
81
parathyroid
an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone
82
pineal gland
a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin
83
pituitary
the endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development
84
thymus
the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells
85
thyroid gland
the gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate
86
cardiovascular system
the system comprised of the heart and blood vessels
87
kidneys
the pair of the organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood
88
nephron
the part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
89
renal arteries
the two branches of the abdominal for filtering and excretion
90
renal cortex
the outer layer of the kidney
91
renal medulla
the innermost part of the kidney
92
renal pelvis
the center of the kidney where the urine collects before moving to the ureter
93
renal vein
a vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava
94
renin
an enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
95
urea
the main nitrogenous part of urine
96
ureter
the duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
97
urinary bladder
the structure that stores urine in the body until elimination
98
urine
liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys
99
adaptive immune system
a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body
100
antibody
a blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
101
antigens
substances on the surfaces of agents that act to the identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign
102
antigen presenting cell (APC)
a cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces
103
antimicrobial
a substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host
104
B-cell
lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
105
barrier
a divider between parts of the body
106
complement
the group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens
107
dendritic cell
antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells
108
immunoglobulin
an antibody
109
innate immune system
a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
110
macrophage
a large white blood cell that inmates in foreign material
111
memory cell
a lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction
112
phagocytosis
ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
113
plasma cell
a white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody
114
T-cell
white blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response
115
bone
hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton
116
brittle bone disease
a group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones
117
canaliculi
micros coping canals in ossified bone
118
collagen
the primary structural protein of connective tissue
119
Haversian canal
channels in the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
120
lamellae
layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls
121
lining cells
flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts
122
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease
123
osteoblasts
cells that make bone
124
osteoclasts
cells that remove bone
125
osteocytes
bone cells
126
osteons
cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
127
osteoporosis
a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones
128
rheumatoid arthritis
a progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
129
Volkmann canal
channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian cells

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