SCIENCE CELL REVISION Flashcards
(27 cards)
what are ribosomes?
Ribosomes are tiny molecular machines found inside all living cells. Their main job is to make proteins by assembling amino acids in the correct order based on the instructions encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA).
Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells are a type of cell that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many single-celled organisms like protists. They’re characterized by having a true nucleus and other specialized structures called organelles.
prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells are simpler, smaller cells that make up organisms like bacteria and archaea. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, plantae, animalia and Eubacteria
Recall the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H1206+602- 6CO2+6H02+energy (ATP)
Recall the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2
Compare plant and animal cells and their unique functions
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and a large central vacuole. They usually have a fixed, rectangular shape.
Animal cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts, have smaller or no vacuoles, and tend to have a flexible, round shape.
Plant cells store energy as starch, while animal cells store energy as glycogen.
Animal cells have centrioles for cell division, which plant cells generally don’t have.
what is plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane (also called the cell membrane) is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells. It acts like a gatekeeper, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
cellulose cell wall
A cellulose cell wall is a rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane in plant cells (and some algae and fungi but made of different materials there).
chloroplast
A chloroplast is a specialized organelle found in plant cells and some algae. It’s the site where photosynthesis happens — the process plants use to convert sunlight into energy.
mitochondria
The mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are often called the powerhouses of the cell because they generate most of the cell’s energy.
what are vacuoles and vesicles
Vacuoles are large storage containers (especially in plants), while vesicles are small transport bubbles moving things around inside cells.
nucleas
The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It holds the cell’s DNA, which contains all the instructions needed to build and operate the cell.
Golgi apparatus
located in the cytoplasm, stack of flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae, storing, packaging and storage of proteins and lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is a network of membrane tubes found in eukaryotic cells, and it has several important functions — different from the rough ER, which has ribosomes attached.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that’s studded with ribosomes on its surface, giving it a “rough” appearance under a microscope.
Describe the process of photosynthesis using a chemical and word equation
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
Describe the process of cellular respiration using a chemical and word equations
Word Equation for Cellular Respiration:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
Identify exothermic and endothermic processes
Exothermic processes release heat to the surroundings. The temperature of the surroundings increases.
Examples: Combustion, freezing, condensation, respiration.
Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings. The temperature of the surroundings decreases.
Examples: Melting, boiling, evaporation, photosynthesis.
where does digestion start
mouth
where is bile stored before being stored in the duodenum
gallbladder
which organ removes water from undigested food
large intestine
what is chemical digestion caused by
enzymes
what is the name of the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
oesophagus
