Science- DNA Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of the alleles inherited from both parents.
EG: BB, Bb, bb, etc.
What is a phenotype?
The physical traits of an organism, which are influenced by both its genotype and environmental factors.
EG: HAIR, EYE COLOUR ETC.
What are chromosomes?
Structures inside cells that hold your genetic information.
What are genes?
Segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine specific traits.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in cells.
How is phenotype influenced?
They are influenced by your genes and things around you, like your diet or environment.
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes that carry most of the genetic information.
What are sex chromosomes?
Chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an organism.
What is complementary base pairing?
DNA nitrogenous bases within nucleotides: Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
What are homologous pairs?
Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in length, centromere location, gene position - one from each parent.
Describe the structure of DNA.
DNA is a double helix structure. Nucleotides are subunits of DNA - each nucleotide contains sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What are nucleotides?
Subunits of DNA - sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What is mitosis?
A process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
What does IPMAT stand for in mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase + cytokinesis.
What is meiosis?
Cell division that reduces chromosome number by half to produce sex cells (gametes).
(IPMATMAT)
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells (each with two sets of chromosomes), while meiosis produces four haploid cells/sex cells (with only one set of chromosomes in each) and involves two divisions, IPMATMAT.
What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (2n), while haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n).
Why is variation greater in offspring from sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction mixes genes from two parents, making offspring different from each other.
What are alleles?
Different versions of the same gene (e.g., one allele for brown eyes, one for blue eyes), which can be dominant or recessive.
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?
Heterozygous means different alleles for a gene, homozygous means the same alleles.
What is pure bred and hybrid?
Pure bred means the same alleles, hybrid means different alleles.
What is dominant inheritance?
A dominant allele hides the effect of a weaker allele.
What is recessive inheritance?
A recessive trait shows only when both alleles are the same and recessive.
What is incomplete dominance?
When two alleles mix/blend together, like a pink flower from red and white parents.
