Science Earth and Space Chapter 1

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

study of matter and movement of God;s physical creation

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

substance of the physical world; anything that occupies space or has substance

Question 3

Pedology

Answer 3

the study of soil

Question 4

Hypothesizing
Hypothesis

Answer 4

thinking seriously, about the objects and events of nature, and formulating a sensible explanation

Question 5

Observation

Answer 5

involves gathering data about nature in an orderly way

Question 6

Data

Answer 6

(facts)

Question 7

Experimentation

Answer 7

methodically testing hypotheses

Question 8

Theory

Answer 8

a way of explaining an object or event by using a set of facts

Question 9

law

Answer 9

a theory that has never been proven false

Question 10

6 steps of the Scientific Method

Answer 10

1: State the problem
2: Gather information
3: Formulate a hypothesis
4: Test the hypothesis
5: Record and analyze
6: State the conclusion

Question 11

Falsifiability

Answer 11

a hypothesis is falsifiable if it could be proven false

Question 12

Dependent variable

Answer 12

factor that is observed to determine the results of the experiment

Question 13

independent variable

Answer 13

the factor that you change to test your hypothesis

Question 14

controlled variables

Answer 14

same in all groups

Question 15

experimental groups

Answer 15

the groups on which the test is preformed

Question 16

control group

Answer 16

a group in which the independent variable is absent

Question 17

Technology

Answer 17

the use of science to solve practical problems

Question 18

Engineering design process

Answer 18

the develop of technology

Question 19

6 steps to the Design Process

Answer 19

1: State the problem to be solved
2: Determine the criteria and constraints of the problem
3: research and develop possible solutions to the problem
4: Choose a design and make a detailed plan
5: Build and test a Prototype
6: Analyze the prototype and improve the design

Question 20

Criteria

Answer 20

the minimum characteristics that a design must have to function at all

Question 21

constraints

Answer 21

the characteristic required to solve the problem

Question 22

prototype

Answer 22

a model of a design that is used for testing

Question 23

Logic

Answer 23

the study of reasoning

Question 24

inference

Answer 24

a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence

Question 25

Deductive reasoning

Answer 25

reasoning from evident to a more specific conclusion

Question 26

proposition

Answer 26

a statement of fact

Question 27

hypothetical proposition

Answer 27

if/then statement

Question 28

affirming the antecedent

Answer 28

the possibilty is that the consequent is true

Question 29

denying the consequent

Answer 29

we know the consequent is false the antecedent must also be false

Question 30

science and deduction

Answer 30

the scientific method requires using deductive reasoning to make predictions based on hypotheses

Question 31

inductive reasoning

Answer 31

reasoning from specific evidence to a more general conclusion

Question 32

repeatability

Answer 32

if you keep the factors the same, you will essentially the same results

Question 33

reproducibility

Answer 33

you will get the same result under different conditions and by preforming other experiments that test the same hypothesis

Question 34

Post Hoc Fallacy

Answer 34

the assumption that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor

Question 35

Model

Answer 35

anything that provides a partial representation of something else

Question 36

organic material

Answer 36

material primarily derived from living organisms

Question 37

mineral materials

Answer 37

derived from nonliving matter, such as mineral and rocks

Question 38

decomposition

Answer 38

leaves behind minerals and humus

Question 39

humus

Answer 39

a substance composed of decayed organism' particles

Question 40

multiple-use materials

Answer 40

adding animal or plow under certain crops to add more humus to the soil

Question 41

recycling

Answer 41

reusing more materials

Question 42

topsoil

Answer 42

first section of the soil

Question 43

horizon

Answer 43

soil layer

Question 44

subsoil

Answer 44

middle section of the soil

Question 45

bedrock

Answer 45

bottom layer of the soil

Question 46

sand

Answer 46

course and gritty, with easily seen particles

Question 47

silt

Answer 47

very small particles

Question 48

clay

Answer 48

very tightly packed particles

Question 49

loam

Answer 49

a range of sand, silt, clay, and humus mixtures

Question 50

Munsell charts

Answer 50

provide standard names and descriptions of soil colors

Question 51

pH scale

Answer 51

to express the degree of acidity or basicity

Question 52

nutrients

Answer 52

nourishing substsnvrd

Question 53

primary planet food elements

Answer 53

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

Question 54

phosphates

Answer 54

element phosphorus bonded to oxygen and other elements

Question 55

potash

Answer 55

two potassium atoms bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 56

nitrogen

Answer 56

stimulate rapid growth of leaves, giving plants a rich green color

Question 57

nitrogen cycle

Answer 57

nitrogen moved from air to the soil to be used by plants and the returned to the atmosphere to be used again

Question 58

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Answer 58

converts elemental nitrogen into nitrogen compounds

Question 59

nitrifying bacteria

Answer 59

ammonia is converted to nitrates

Question 60

denitrifying bacteria

Answer 60

converts nitrogen from nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen

Question 61

phosphorus

Answer 61

essential for cell division and growth promotes plant maturation

Question 62

Potassium

Answer 62

contributes to the general health of the plant and improve disease resistance

Question 63

Pore Spaces

Answer 63

space in the roots of the plant

Question 64

Pore Spaces

Answer 64

space in the roots of the plant

Question 65

saturated

Answer 65

soil and porous rocks completely filled with water

Question 66

groundwater

Answer 66

water located under the soil's surface

Question 67

water table

Answer 67

the upper surface of groundwater

Question 68

aquifer

Answer 68

soil mixture holding water

Question 69

artesian well

Answer 69

self-pumping well

Question 70

capillarity

Answer 70

the upward movement of water through tiny spaces in response to tension