Science Exam 😒

Question 1

What are the five conditions for hardy weinberg equilibrium

Answer 1

No types of selection, no mutation, no migration, large population, and random mating

Question 2

What are the HW equations

Answer 2

p+q=1 and p^2 +2pq+q^2=1

Question 3

What is p

Answer 3

Frequency of the dominant allele in the population

Question 4

What is q

Answer 4

Frequency of the recessive allele in the population

Question 5

What is p^2

Answer 5

Percentage of homozygous dominant individuals

Question 6

What is q^2

Answer 6

Percentage of homozygous recessive individuals

Question 7

What is 2pq

Answer 7

Percentage of heterozygous individuals

Question 8

Cladistics

Answer 8

Method of classifying animals and plants according to the measurable characteristics they have in common

Question 9

Clade

Answer 9

A group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 10

Node

Answer 10

Point where cladogram branches off, a hypothetical ancestor

Question 11

Root

Answer 11

Starting point of cladogram or the initial common ancestor

Question 12

Sister group/taxa

Answer 12

Parts of a cladogram that branch off from a common node and are often considered closely related to

Question 13

Branch

Answer 13

Lines of a cladogram

Question 14

Derived characters

Answer 14

A trait/character that a species evolved to have and was passed on to its descendants

Question 15

Most recent common ancestor

Answer 15

Most recent individual that all the organisms in the set are descended from

Question 16

Outgroup taxa

Answer 16

A taxa outside the group

Question 17

How to build a cladogram

Answer 17

Make a chart of organisms and traits, count how many traits the organisms have and how many times that trait occurs, graph lowest scoring taxon first and highest scoring trait first

Question 18

How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution

Answer 18

They indicate that species shared a common ancestor

Question 19

How do vestigial structures provide evidence for evolution

Answer 19

Ancestors had the structures that served a purpose, but evolved them away because of natural selection

Question 20

How do analogous structures provide evidence for evolution

Answer 20

Shows that animals evolved separately to have similar traits

Question 21

How do fossils provide evidence for evolution

Answer 21

Fossil record and transitional forms can show how a species evolved and changes over time

Question 22

How does embryonic development show evidence for evolution

Answer 22

Structures of development can be compared and give information about evolutionary relationships, species with similar development patterns are more closely related

Question 23

How does direct observation provide evidence for evolution

Answer 23

Selection pressure and beneficial mutations and sometimes make evolution observable, eg rats mutated to have poison resistance

Question 24

How does biogeography provide evidence for evolution

Answer 24

Unique specie in smaller/isolated show it has occurred, more closely related species are often found in the same geographical area which supports evolutions from a common ancestor

Question 25

How does molecular evidence provide evidence for evolution

Answer 25

the presence of DNA in all living organisms suggests that we all evolved from a single common ancestor, genes between species can be compared to see how closely related they are

Question 26

What is speciation

Answer 26

The process of forming a new species

Question 27

What are prezygotic barriers

Answer 27

Barriers that occur before zygote formation

Question 28

What are postzygotic barriers

Answer 28

Barriers that occur after zygote formation

Question 29

What is allopathic speciation

Answer 29

When a species becomes geographically isolated and the populations evolve into two different species

Question 30

What is sympatric speciation

Answer 30

When species evolves into two different species without isolstion

Question 31

How can group behaviors help species survive

Answer 31

Protect from physical factors and predation, help get more food, more accuracy when migrating

Question 32

What are some examples of group behaviors

Answer 32

Defensive behaviors, cooperative food gathering, group hunting, moving as a group

Question 33

Group defensive bahviors

Answer 33

When a group of animals cooperates to defend against predators, this helps improve chances of survival, eg oxen form a defensive circle, protecting young and increasing chance of survival

Question 34

Group hunting

Answer 34

When a group of animals work together to hunt other animals or groups, improves chances of success, eg when a pack of wolves hunts together

Question 35

Cooperative food gathering

Answer 35

Ore efficient, increase chance of finding food/catching prey, eg dolphins cause fish to leap out of water, making them easier to catch

Question 36

Moving as a group

Answer 36

Helps with migration by finding a more accurate direction, some larger groups can reduce travel time, eg migratory birds or other mammals

Question 37

Parasitism

Answer 37

When a parasite exploits the resources of its host for its own benefit, harming the host

Question 38

Mutualism

Answer 38

An intimate association between two species that benefits both

Question 39

Commensalism

Answer 39

An association between two species in which the commensal benefits and other is unaffected

Question 40

Competition

Answer 40

When species compete for the same resources, often food, which are dominated by the largest and most aggressive species

Question 41

Predation

Answer 41

When one species kills and eats another

Question 42

Amensalism

Answer 42

In which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

Question 43

Herbivory

Answer 43

When an animal feeds off of a plant

Question 44

Antibiosis

Answer 44

When one organism produces substances that harm another organism

Question 45

How do adaptations allow species to survive

Answer 45

Adaptation can make a species more suited for its environment and provide advantages to the species, which helps it survive

Question 46

How is adaptation evidence of evolution

Answer 46

Adaptations show how a species can change over time and can lead to evolution

Question 47

What are a few examples of adaptation

Answer 47

1. Rattlesnakes on Catalina island adapted to become more aggressive and develop a new social language and behavior to let larger animals know they are on the ground near them so they don’t get trampled 2. Birds on the Galapagos evolved to have beak shapes suited for the food sources on their islands