Science exam (AKA the death of me)

Question 1

what groups have + ions and - ions?

Answer 1

Groups 1, 2, 3 → form + ions.

Groups 15, 16, 17 → form - ions.

Question 2

whats a crystal lattice structure

Answer 2

repeating pattern of + and - ions

Question 3

Different types of bond, what they are and how they bond?

Answer 3

Ionic → transfer electrons, metal and non metal

Covalent → share electrons, non metal and non metals

Metallic → sea of electrons, metal and metal

Question 4

properties of ionic and molecular/covalent bonds

Answer 4

Ionic → high MP/BP, brittle, conductive when dissolved.

Molecular → low MP/BP, soft, non-conductive.

Question 5

Electronegativity

Answer 5

Difference in EN refers to the type of bond:
→ Large → ionic.
→ Medium → polar covalent.
→ Small → non-polar covalent.

Question 6

what are multivalent metals

Answer 6

Transition metals that can form different charges (Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺).

Question 7

how do you name ionic vs covalent bonds

Answer 7

Ionic: metal + non-metal(ide) or polyatomic.

Covalent: prefixes.
mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa

Question 8

State symbols

Answer 8

(s), (l), (g), (aq)

Question 9

Balancing equations

Answer 9

Conserve atoms → same # on both sides.

Question 10

Types of reactions

Answer 10

Synthesis → A + B → AB.

Decomposition → AB → A + B.

Single displacement → A + BC → AC + B.

Double displacement → AB + CD → AD + CB.

Combustion → fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O.

Incomplete → fuel + O₂ → CO + H₂O (or C).

Neutralization → acid + base → salt + water.

Question 11

Acids & Bases

Answer 11

Acid → makes H⁺.

Base → makes OH⁻.

Question 12

pH scale

Answer 12

<7 → acid.

7 → neutral.

7 → base.

Question 13

Indicator
1 pH change

Answer 13

→ colour change to show pH
= 10x H⁺ concentration change.

Question 14

Cell organelles

Answer 14

Nucleus → DNA.

Ribosomes → protein.

Mitochondria → ATP.

ER → protein/lipid transport.

Golgi → package.

Lysosome → digest.

Membrane → control in/out.

Question 15

Cellular respiration

Answer 15

Glucose + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP.

Question 16

Organization of a body

Answer 16

→ Cell → tissue → organ → system → organism.

Question 17

Digestive system path and what happens

Answer 17

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus.

Bile → emulsify fats.

Enzymes → break food.

Mucus → protect/lubricate.

HCl → activate pepsin, kill bacteria.

Question 18

Respiratory path and what happens

Answer 18

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

Alveoli → gas exchange.

Diaphragm → inhale/exhale.

Question 19

Blood

Answer 19

Plasma (55%) → carries stuff.

RBC → O₂. - 45%

WBC → immune. - 1%

Platelets → clot. - 1%

Question 20

Types of vessels

Answer 20

Arteries → away (usually O₂).

Veins → to heart (usually CO₂).

Capillaries → exchange.

Question 21

Heart

Answer 21

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.

Question 22

Diseases

Answer 22

Constipation → slow waste.

Heartburn → acid reflux.

Celiac → gluten damages villi.

Heart attack → blocked artery.

Atherosclerosis → plaque buildup.

Smoking/vaping → lung damage.

Question 23

Systems interdependence

Answer 23

Digestive = nutrients → blood.
Respiratory = O₂ → blood.
Circulatory = transport.

Question 24

Cell division importance

Answer 24

Growth, repair, replace old cells.

Question 25

Cell cycle

Answer 25

Interphase → growth + DNA copy. Mitosis (PMAT): Pro, Meta, Ana, Telo. Cytokinesis → 2 cells.

Question 26

Cell structures

Answer 26

Chromatin → loose DNA. Chromosome → condensed DNA. Sister chromatids → identical copies. Centromere → joins chromatids. Centriole → spindle fibers. Spindle → pulls chromatids.

Question 27

Surface area:volume

Answer 27

Big cell → low SA:V → inefficient → divide!

Question 28

Diffusion vs osmosis

Answer 28

Diffusion → any particles. Osmosis → water only.

Question 29

Cancer cells

Answer 29

Divide uncontrollably.

Question 30

Tumors

Answer 30

Benign → not spreading. Malignant → invades/spreads.

Question 31

Metastasis, Mutation, Carcinogen

Answer 31

Metastasis → cancer spreads. Mutation → DNA change. Carcinogen → cancer-causing agent.

Question 32

what is Light

Answer 32

EM wave. EM spectrum → radio → micro → IR → visible → UV → X → gamma. → Shorter wavelength = more energy.

Question 33

Reflection

Answer 33

Angle in = angle out.

Question 34

Refraction

Answer 34

Light bends in different media (speed change). Index of refraction (n) = speed in vacuum / speed in medium. Snell’s Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂.

Question 35

Slow → fast Fast → slow in terms of refraction

Answer 35

Slow → fast → bends away from normal. Fast → slow → bends toward normal.

Question 36

Critical angle

Answer 36

Angle where total internal reflection starts. Happens when light goes slow → fast medium.

Question 37

Real-life examples

Answer 37

Rainbows → sunlight refracted + reflected in raindrops. Apparent depth → pool looks shallower. Mirages → light bends through layers of air at different temperatures.

Question 38

Lenses

Answer 38

Converging (convex) → brings light together. Diverging (concave) → spreads light out.

Question 39

Eye anatomy

Answer 39

Pupil → light entry. Iris → controls size. Lens → focuses. Retina → detects image. Optic nerve → to brain. Rods/cones → vision. Cornea → refracts.

Question 40

Vision problems

Answer 40

Myopia → can’t see far → corrected with diverging lens. Hyperopia → can’t see near → corrected with converging lens. Presbyopia → age-related focusing issue.

Question 41

Corrections

Answer 41

Glasses, contacts, laser surgery.

Question 42

Applications of optics

Answer 42

Cameras → adjustable lenses focus light onto film/sensor. Projectors → lenses spread image onto screen. Telescopes → convex lenses or mirrors magnify distant objects. Microscopes → multiple lenses magnify tiny objects. Fiber optics → total internal reflection transmits light signals long distances → internet cables!