Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Science > Science Extended Response > Flashcards

Science Extended Response Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light, usually sunlight, to turn it into chemical energy and also gives the plant its green color. It gets excited by solar energy and donates electrons to assist in photosynthesis, converting chemical energy into ATP and NADPH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the word formula for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water → (light energy) Glucose + Oxygen gas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the symbol formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the word formula for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the symbol formula for cellular respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration contribute to the cycling of energy and matter in ecosystems?

A

Photosynthesis converts waste products from cellular respiration into water and carbon dioxide for plants to use. Cellular respiration uses waste products from photosynthesis, producing oxygen and glucose for animals to use. This forms a cycle of energy that supports the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define parasitism.

A

Parasitism is where one organism lives off another, benefiting at the host’s expense.

Example: Dogs with fleas, where fleas benefit by living on the dog, the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define mutualism.

A

Mutualism is where one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither benefited nor disadvantaged.

Example: Sharks and remoras, where remoras get protection and food while sharks are unaffected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define commensalism.

A

Commensalism is a mutual relationship where both organisms benefit from each other.

Example: Butterflies and flowers, where butterflies collect pollen and get nectar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Construct a food chain.

A

Grass → Rabbit → Fox

This food chain connects to a food web through the energy transfer between organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the role of decomposers.

A

Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead matter and assist in nutrient cycling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the role of detritivores.

A

Detritivores are animals that eat, digest, and excrete dead matter, helping to fertilize other plants and organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system?

A

The first line of defense is barrier defense, consisting of chemical and physical barriers. The second line of defense involves white blood cells (WBC) and phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages. The third line of defense is specific immune response involving lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

A

The first line of defense is called barrier defense, made up of chemical and physical barriers protecting the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of chemical barriers in the immune system?

A

Examples of chemical barriers include tears, saliva, and stomach acid, which contain enzymes that kill pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of physical barriers in the immune system?

A

Physical barriers include the skin, hair, cilia, and mucus that stop pathogens from entering the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when the first line of defense is penetrated?

A

The second line of defense is activated, involving white blood cells and phagocytes that attack pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

A

Macrophages take in and digest pathogens, but they do not necessarily target harmful ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response?

A

Neutrophils attack all foreign material, which can lead to the destruction of normal cells along with harmful ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What begins the third line of defense?

A

The third line of defense begins when lymphocytes specifically target harmful pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?

A

Memory cells take note of the appearance of pathogens, allowing the immune system to remember and respond more effectively if they appear again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

A

Lymphocytes have the ability to remember and recognize specific pathogens they have previously fought, assisting in protecting the body during subsequent infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the immune system distinguish between harmful pathogens and the body’s own cells?

A

Each pathogen has a specific protein, called an antigen, that is different from the body’s own cells. Lymphocytes remember these proteins to eliminate the pathogen if it reappears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

A

The first line of defense includes the skin, saliva, mucus, and tears that stop pathogens from entering the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens when pathogens enter the body?
When pathogens enter the body, they have already passed the first line of defense, and the second line of defense is activated.
26
What is the role of white blood cells (WBC) in the immune response?
White blood cells attack every cell in the body, killing normal cells as well.
27
What are lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes are specific cells that begin targeting pathogens if the disease survives the initial attack.
28
What is the function of lymphocytes in the immune system?
Lymphocytes remember the pathogens that have been attacked and killed, allowing them to kill them immediately if they appear again.
29
What is the third line of defense in the immune system?
The third line of defense involves the memory function of lymphocytes that target previously encountered pathogens.
30
What are the major components of the immune system?
The immune system consists of many cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body by killing pathogens and maintaining homeostasis.
31
What are the three lines of defense in the immune system?
1. Physical and chemical barriers 2. Internal non-specific defenses 3. Internal specific defenses
32
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune responses?
The innate immune response acts immediately to fight germs and eliminate pathogens, while the adaptive immune response is slower but provides long-lasting immunity.
33
What happens when a pathogen retains the adaptive immune system?
If the pathogen retains the adaptive immune system, it will be recognized and immediately eliminated.
34
What is the role of sensory receptors in a reflex arc?
Sensory receptors sense changes in the body or environment and send signals down sensory neurons.
35
What do sensory neurons do in a reflex arc?
Sensory neurons carry the electrical signal to the interneurons.
36
What is the function of interneurons in a reflex arc?
Interneurons make a decision on how to respond to the signal.
37
What do motor neurons do in a reflex arc?
Motor neurons carry the interneuron's response to the effectors.
38
What are effectors in a reflex arc?
Effectors carry out the response initiated by the reflex arc.
39
How does a reflex action occur?
When our hand touches something hot, sensory receptors send an electrical message down sensory neurons to interneurons, which then send a response down motor neurons to effectors, resulting in pulling the hand away.
40
Why are reflexes important?
Reflexes help protect the body and maintain homeostasis by allowing quick responses to harmful stimuli.
41
What are the major components of the nervous system?
The brain and the spinal cord. The brain controls how we think, learn, move, and feel. The spinal cord carries messages back and forth between the brain and the nerves running through the body.
42
How does the CNS process and respond to stimuli?
Sensory receptors detect changes in the body or the environment and send electric signals to the CNS. The CNS receives this information and makes a decision on how to act. If a response is needed, a message is sent via motor neurons to effectors.
43
What is the role of neurons in the CNS?
Neurons use electrical and chemical signals to send information between areas of the brain, the spinal cord, and the body. They relay signals from neurons, process the information, and relay signals to other neurons.
44
What are the steps involved in detection and response to stimuli?
1. Detection: Detection of stimuli. 2. Input: Conversion of stimuli to electric or chemical signals by receptors. 3. CNS: CNS makes a decision. 4. Output: Commands are sent via motor neurons to effectors. 5. Response: Muscles or glands react to what has happened.
45
What are the components of feedback loops?
Stimuli - Stale, Receptor - Radish, Effector - Effects, Response - Ruby's, Feedback - Fetus.
46
What do hormones regulate in the blood?
Hormones regulate salt, sugar, water, and other levels in your blood.
47
Where are hormones secreted from?
Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
48
What are the characteristics of hormones?
Hormones are slower and have longer lasting effects.
49
What is the function of adrenaline?
Adrenaline is from the adrenal gland, increases heart rate, makes energy available to muscles, and shuts down digestion.
50
What is the function of thyroxine?
Thyroxine is from the thyroid gland and makes cells consume more oxygen and increases body temperature.
51
How do receptors recognize hormones?
Receptors recognize specific hormones that match their shape like a lock and key.
52
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the body maintaining a stable state.
53
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas can't produce enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. A treatment for this is regular insulin injections.
54
What does glucagon do?
Glucagon increases the amount of glucose in the body.
55
What is a negative feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop is when there is a change in the body, so the body makes another change to bring it back to its starting position.
56
What is a positive feedback loop?
A positive feedback loop continues the system and does not bring it back to the starting position.
57
What are the major endocrine glands?
The major endocrine glands are Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, and Gonads.
58
What hormone does the pineal gland produce?
The pineal gland produces melatonin, which controls sleep patterns.
59
What hormone does the pituitary gland produce?
The pituitary gland produces Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
60
What hormone does the thyroid gland produce?
The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, which regulates weight, energy, internal temperature, hair and nail growth, and metabolism.
61
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
The adrenal gland releases adrenaline, which is responsible for the fight or flight response.
62
What does the pancreas regulate?
The pancreas releases insulin, which regulates glucose levels in the body.
63
What hormone do the gonads release and what is its role?
The gonads release estrogen, which begins puberty and assists in reproduction.
64
What is an example of negative feedback in the body?
Insulin in the body is an example of negative feedback. When glucose is high, insulin is released to lower glucose levels back to normal.
65
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder where the pancreas doesn't release enough insulin for glucose in the body. People with Type 1 diabetes take insulin regularly to equalize glucose levels.
66
What are some symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
Symptoms include feeling thirsty, weak, and losing weight without trying.
67
What does the pineal gland release?
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which regulates sleep.
68
What hormone does the pituitary gland release?
The pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating hormone.
69
What does the thyroid gland release and its effect?
The thyroid gland releases thyroxine, which makes cells consume more oxygen and increases body temperature.

Science (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions