Science Final Study!!! Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What causes earthquakes?
A
They are caused by a sudden release of energy that has slowly been building up when a large mass of earth gets locked or stuck
2
Q
What is the focus?
A
The first place the rock breaks below the surface
3
Q
What are seismic waves?
A
The sudden breaking of rock releases energy that spreads as waves through the earth
4
Q
What is the epicenter?
A
The point directly above the focus on the surface
5
Q
What are the ways of finding the strength of the earthquake?
A
Using a Richter scale or seismograph
6
Q
Explain the Richter scale
A
It starts at 0 and an increase of 1 represents 10 times the last number
7
Q
What is a volcano?
A
It is an opening in the earths crust through which solid molten rock, ash and gases escape
8
Q
What is mechanical weathering?
A
It happens when an object is broken apart by physical forces such as wind or water
9
Q
What is chemical weathering?
A
It happens when water and oxygen create new minerals that crumble mor easily
10
Q
What is biological weathering?
A
The wearing away of rocks by living things
11
Q
What is sedimentation?
A
The process of sediments being deposited
12
Q
Erosion
A
The process of being eroded away by wind, water or other natural agents
13
Q
What are minerals?
A
They are naturally occurring solid materials. All rocks are made of minerals
14
Q
What are the properties to identify rocks?
A
Color Lustre Streak Cleavage and fracture Hardness
15
Q
How are igneous rocks formed?
A
They are made from hardened or dried lava or magma
16
Q
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
A
They are formed by sediments that are deposited or pushed down by pressure
17
Q
What are metamorphic rocks?
A
They are originally igneous or sedimentary rocks but when exposed to extreme heat they change
18
Q
What is a glacier?
A
It is a moving mass of ice and snow
19
Q
What is bedrock?
A
The layer of soil beneath the loose rock fragments
20
Q
What is Lustre?
A
Lustre is the way the serf ace of a mineral reflects light
21
Q
What is streak?
A
It is color of the powder that is leaves behind when rubbed on a rough surface
22
Q
What is cleavages?
A
If a mineral splits cleanly into 2 parts it is called cleavage
23
Q
What is fracture?
A
When it breaks and is very uneven
24
Q
What is hardness?
A
Hardness is how easily a mineral can be scratched
25
What are earthquakes?
They are trembling a or vibrations of the ground
26
How many years does it take for 5 mm of soil to grow?
About 1000
27
What is the Precambrian shield?
The rock formation formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago. Underlies all of Alberta and is only exposed in the northeast corner of the province
28
What is the Precambrian shield made up of?
Igneous and Metamorphic rock
29
What is the continental drift theory?
It is that all the continents used to be put together and they have slowly drifted apart
30
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
The lithosphere is broken up into large prices much like an egg shell
31
What is a boundary?
It is where the tectonic plates meet
32
What is a Diverging boundary?
When 2 plates are moving apart from each other. This is a slow process where lava can flow through
33
What are converging boundaries?
Boundaries that are moving towards each other
34
What is subduction?
When the plates push together the heavier thinner crust is forced down below the light, thicker crust
35
What is the converging boundary that forms a trench?
When one plate carries oceanic crust and the other carries continental crust
36
What is the converging boundary that forms mountains?
When 2 plates are pushed together and form a mountain
37
What is a transform boundary?
When the plates slide sideways beside each other
38
What is a mountain?
A part of the earths surface that is much high than the land around it
39
What are folds?
Bends in rock beds such as mountains
40
What are faults?
Large cracks in a rock bed
41
What is an anticline?
An upward fold in a rock
42
What is a syncline?
A downward fold in the rock
43
What are fossils?
Traces of once living things that are preserved in rocks
44
Who are paleontologists?
Scientists who study early life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils
45
What are organic particle in soil made up of?
They are made from plants and animals that were once live.
46
What is Humus?
When organic matter is partly decomposed
47
What are the the characteristics of sandy soil?
* Has very few lumps
* It is light brown
* It gets dry really quickly
* Doesn't contain much food for plants
48
What are the characteristics of clay soil?
* It feels slippery
* It will stick together
* can hold lots of nutrients
49
What are the characteristics of loom soil?
•It is crumbly like a moist cake
•They are dark brown or black
•
50
What is irrigation
To supply water to plants by use of channels
51
What do farmers do before they plant new crops?
They have to clear the land. This makes it easier to plant seeds and reduces competition
52
What is plowing?
The process of cutting the soil and turning the top layer over creating air spaces and less clear compacted
53
What is crop rotation?
It is the practice of planting a different crop in a particular field each year
54
What is the yield of a plant?
The amount of useful plant part per a plant
55
What technologies have we developed to get the best yield possible?
We have found natural fertilizers, pesticides, and greenhouses
56
What artificial environments for?
To control all growing conditions like light, nutrients, and temperature
57
What is a hydroponic system?
A type of artificial soil environment. Plants are grown without soil, instead the roots are buried in coarse gravel or sand. Then nutrient rich soil is pumped regularly
58
What is a species?
A group of organisms with similar traits that can reproduce with each other
59
What is a variety?
A subset of species
60
What is a fossil?
A trace of living things that are preserved in rocks
61
Who are paleontologists?
They are scientists who study early life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils
62
What is a trace fossil?
A cavity or track left behind by an organism like a track
63
What is a cast fossil?
Filled in cavities left by the original organic bodies
64
What is strata?
The layers of sediment that have formed over a million years
65
Explain the Precambrian era
4600 to 600 millions of years ago
📌Formation of earth
📌first simple organisms, bacteria
📌first soft bodies animals, no vertebrae
66
Explain the Paleozoic era
```
600-225 millions of years ago
📌first reptiles
📌first large land animals, frogs
📌first insects
📌first large land plants
📌first fish with jaws
```
67
Explain the Mesozoic era
225 to 65 millions of years ago
📌dinosaurs rule then become extinct
📌first flowering plants
📌first birds and mammals
68
Explain the Cenozoic era
```
65 million years ago to present day
📌appearance of most modern species
📌many more species of mammals
📌first grasses
📌first human like species
```
69
Explain the crust
It is the thinnest layer and has all the features we see around it 10-90km
70
Explain the mantle
The upper part of the mantle is solid the lower part is liquid because of the temperature and pressure are higher
71
Explain the outer core
It is completely liquid and 2200 km thick
72
Explain the inner core
It is solid the weight of the inner core has pressed it into an extremely hard ball
73
What makes up the lithosphere?
The upper mantle and crust
74
What is a structure?
Any object that provides support
75
What is structural strength?
It refers to structures capacity to hold itself up, as well as any weight added to it
76
What is structural stability?
A structures ability to maintain its position even when being acted on by a force
77
What is a solid structure?
It is formed by a solid piece of some strong material
78
What is a frame structure?
It is made of ridged arrangement of parts, or structural components fastened together.
79
What is a shell structure?
A shell structure has a solid outer face, which may be rounded or flat in shape.
80
What are asthetics?
It refers to the pleasing or effect that an object has because of its design
81
What is sod and who used it?
Clumps of earth; it was used by pioneers in the prairies
82
What does the effect of a force depend on?
Magnitude, direction, and location
83
What is a newton?
A standard unit for measuring force. One Newton is the amout of force needed to hold up a mass of 100g
84
What is an external force?
A forces applied on a structure by something else
85
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object. The more mass an object has, the greater gravitational force.
86
What does centre of gravity mean?
An imaginary point where the downward force of gravity acts on a structure
87
What is symmetry?
A balanced amount of mass that occurs on opposite sides of a plane
88
What is a load?
An external force on a structure
89
What is the static load?
The weight of a structure and the non-moving load is supports
90
What is a dynamic load?
An external for that moves or changes with time
91
What is a beam bridge?
It is flat and supported at its two ends. It is the most common bridge used
92
What is a truss bridge?
A lightweight but strong bridge made of triangle shaped frames along its sides
93
What is an arch bridge?
Designed to withstand heavy loads. The resistance is passed through the whole bridge
94
What is a suspension bridge?
It hangs between two ends and the main cables hold up the bridge, and smaller cables support the roadway
95
What is compression?
It is a force that acts to squeeze an object or push parts within it together
96
What is tension?
A force that acts to stretch and pull something apart
97
What is shear?
It is a force that act to parts that are in contact with each other in opposite directions
98
What are complementary forces?
When different kinds of internal forces are acting at the same time on a structure
99
What are the internal forces?
Shear
Compression
Tension
100
What is the strongest shape?
Triangle
101
What is an arch?
A common shape in structures. An arch can support large loads because the force of the load is carried down through the arch foundation
102
What is a simple beam?
A flat structure that is supported at each end
103
What is an ecosystem?
Any place on earth where living things interact with Non-living things is called an ecosystem
104
What does biotic mean?
The living things in an ecosystem
105
What does abiotic mean?
Non-living things in an ecosystem
106
What does population mean?
When a number of individuals from the same species live together in the same area
107
What does community mean?
All the populations of different species that live and interact in the same place
108
What are the basic needs?
Water, food/nutrients, energy, oxygen, and suitable living conditions
109
What is commensalism?
When one species benefits while the other neither benefits or is harmed
110
What is mutualism?
A relationship where both species in the relationship benefit
111
What is parasitism?
When one species befits while the other is harmed
112
What is adaptation?
How living things respond to their environment
113
Why was the beaver population declining in Yoho national park?
Since there are no more fires the trees in the park have grown. As a result there is no longer enough sunlight for the aspen to grow. Since this tree is preferred shelter for beavers they could no longer live in the area
114
What are some ways we have cleaned up the planet?
Recycling, composting, incinerating, household hazardous waste operations, and sanitary landfills
115
How do sanitary landfills work?
The waste is spread across the ground and then compacted by bulldozer to 0.5 m thick. A layer of soul is spread over to reduce odes and litter and disgorge animal activity
116
What is a consumer?
Any organism that had to seek out and eat, or consume, other living things for food
117
What are carnivores?
Organisms that mainly consume other animals
118
What are herbivores?
Organisms that mainly contain plants
119
What are omnivores?
Organisms who consume both plants and other animals
120
What are producers?
Organisms that con produce the food they need to survive?
121
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Light energy+ Carbon dioxide + water = food +oxygen
122
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Food + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
123
What are scavengers?
They are consumers that don't kill for their own food. Instead the feed off remains of living things that are killed by consumers
124
What are decomposers?
Consumers that break down dead animals or plants
125
What is a food chain?
A convenient way to show how energy flows in an ecosystem
126
How much energy does a plant use from its food?
90%. It only leaves 10% for the consumer to eat. To which the consumer then uses 90%
127
What is a food web?
A more complex way to show how energy is is moved in an ecosystem
128
What is a cycle?
Over and over again movement of matter
129
What is the water cycle?
Precipitation➡️Evaporation➡Condens-ation
130
What is bio invasion
Accidental or planned introduction of non-native species into a community
131
What is competition?
More than one living thing trying to reach the same goal
132
What is predation?
An animal that gets it food by killing other organism
133
What are pioneer species?
Scientists call the first plants pioneer species
134
What is succession?
The predictable pattern of change in ecosystems
135
What is primary succession?
Formation of a new community that was once barren land. Such as a place where volcanoes used to exist
136
What is a climax community?
A stable community of a diverse number of species that is not easily replaced by other communities
137
What is secondary succession?
Formation of a new community in a destroyed or greatly changed community
138
What are the parts of the plant?
```
Flowers
Stem
Seeds
Leaves
Cones
Roots
```
139
What are the ways a plant moves water up the roots?
Transpiration
Capillary action
Osmosis
140
What are the processes to move in and out of plants?
Diffusion and osmosis
