science for medicine formative

Question 1

why do energetically unfavourable reactions proceed

Answer 1

they are coupled to catabolic reactions

Question 2

what is a nucleotide composed of

Answer 2

base, ribose sugar and phosphate

Question 3

what isnt found in the lipid membrane surrounding eukaryotic cells: carbohydrates, cholesterol, ion channels, receptors, ribosomes

Answer 3

ribosomes

Question 4

what is the dissociation constant

Answer 4

1x10^-14 (mol/L)^2

Question 5

what is the amino acid sequence in a proteins

Answer 5

the primary structure

Question 6

how does an enzyme increase the rate of a spontaneous reaction

Answer 6

it decreases the activation

Question 7

what type of bonds link monomers of carbohydrates together

Answer 7

glycosidic bonds

Question 8

what is the net number of moles of ATP generated following catabolism of 1 mole of glucose to lactate

Answer 8

2

Question 9

ingesting alcohol reduces which intermediate in the liver

Answer 9

NAD+

Question 10

which molecule transports electrons between complexes III and IV of the ETC

Answer 10

cytochrome C

Question 11

what mechanism does ATPase utilise in order to generate ATP

Answer 11

binding change mechanism

Question 12

which vitamin is a monosaccharide

Answer 12

C

Question 13

during periods of prolonged fasting, XS acetyl CoA formed from FA is converted into which class of molecules

Answer 13

ketones

Question 14

which aa is central to nitrogen entering the body

Answer 14

glutamate

Question 15

which cycle is important in nitrogen metabolism:

glucose-alanine, glucose-carnitine, glucose-cori, glucose-phosphate, glucose-pyruvate

Answer 15

glucose-alanine

Question 16

the bony skeleton is composed of axial and appendicular elements, which structure forms part of the appendicular skeleton:
calcaneus, cervical vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, xiphisternum

Answer 16

calcaneus

Question 17

if a person drinks 1L of water how will it be distributed across the ECF and ICF compartments

Answer 17

1/3 ECF

2/3 ICF

Question 18

RBC will shrink if they are placed in a … solution

Answer 18

hypertonic

>285mM

Question 19

the resting membrane potential is directly generated by which feature of the cell membrane

Answer 19

the permeability of the resting membrane to K+

Question 20

which type of action potential is self-propagated: action, end-plate, excitatory post-synaptic, inhibitory post-synaptic, pacemarker

Answer 20

action, all the others are graded, decremental potentials

Question 21

what property characterises the end plate potential

Answer 21

it is always large enough to evoke an AP in the muscle

Question 22

the thick filaments of skeletal muscle are composed of which protein

Answer 22

myosin

Question 23

what mediates the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that triggers contraction of skeletal muscle

Answer 23

release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum - released from internal stores

Question 24

an antagonist at a pharmacological receptor is likely to have what combination of affinity and efficacy

Answer 24

high affinity and no efficacy

Question 25

which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system : longer pre-ganglionic axons than post-ganglionic axons preganglionic cells release NA spinal outflow is thoracolumbar there is no combination of mass activation the transmitter released by postganglionic cells acts on muscarinic receptors

Answer 25

spinal outflow is thoracolumbar

Question 26

``` what effect does activation of the parasympathetic system cause? increase in gut motility increase in heart rate dilation of airways in the lung dilation of pupil piloerection ```

Answer 26

increase in gut motility

Question 27

``` at the NMJ, what drug acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase: botulinum toxin curare eserine hemicholinium tetrodoxin ```

Answer 27

eserine - anticholinesterase, potentiates transmission at NMJ, hemicholinium prevents choline uptake at nerve terminal

Question 28

what is the physiological significance of co-activation of alpha and gamma motor neurones innervating skeletal muscle

Answer 28

ensures that the sensitivity of the muscle spindle is retained

Question 29

what are golgi tendon organs stimulated by and what reflex does this produce

Answer 29

increased tension | relaxation of the muscle

Question 30

viral infection would cause elevated levels of which blood cell type

Answer 30

lymphocytes