Science, Matter, Energy, and Ecosystems

Question 1

Cycle of the Scientific Method

Answer 1

Make an observation
Ask a question
Do experiments and collect data > Interpret data
Formulate hypothesis to explan data
Do more experiments to test hypothesis
Revise hypothesis if necessary
Draw a Conclusion

Question 2

the procedures used to learn about our world.

Answer 2

Scientific Method

Question 3

goal of science

Answer 3

discover facts about the natural world and the principles that explain these facts.

Question 4

Constructing the Hypothesis

Answer 4

• can be tested
• can be proved false

Question 5

factors that might affect observations

Answer 5

variables

Question 6

an unconfirmed explanation of an observation that can be tested

Answer 6

Scientific hypotheses

Question 7

used to test hypotheses by gathering
data or evidence

Answer 7

Scientific method

Question 8

explanation of an observation through repeated observations and hypothesis testing

Answer 8

Scientific theories

Question 9

explanation of an observation, and is proven over and over (e.g., effects of gravity)

Answer 9

Scientific laws

Question 10

What is Matter

Answer 10

• is anything that has mass and takes up space
• composed of atoms, ions, and molecules

Question 11

Two forms of Matter

Answer 11

1. Element
2. Compound

Question 12

a single, distinctive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance

Answer 12

Element

Question 13

two or more different elements held together by chemical bonds

Answer 13

Compound

Question 14

Two types of Compounds

Answer 14

1. Organic Compounds - molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and other atoms (oxygen,nitrogen, etc. Derived from living organisms (eg. Glucose, DNA, Fats)
2. Inorganic compounds - molecules w/o carbon-hydrogen bonds. Derived from both living and non-living (e.g Salts, Minerals)

Question 15

Law of Conservation of Matter

Answer 15

• Matter is not destroyed, it only changes form.
• Atoms are not destroyed, just rearranged.

Question 16

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 16

• Heat is a form of energy
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Question 17

Two types of Energy

Answer 17

1. Kinetic Energy - energy at motion
2. Potential Energy- energy at rest

Question 18

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 18

• In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat.

Question 19

the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in food

CO2 + H20 —> C6H12O6 + O2

Answer 19

Photosynthesis

Question 20

the process of releasing chemical energy stored in food to be used by living things

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H20

Answer 20

Respiration

Question 21

Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non-living surroundings.

Answer 21

Ecology

Question 22

Greek word “Oikos” meaning house

Answer 22

Eco

Question 23

Levels of Organization in Ecology

Answer 23

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

Question 24

Earth’s Life Support Systems

Answer 24

Atmosphere - thin membrane of air
Lithosphere - earth’s crust
Hydrosphere - water
Biosphere - living and dead organisms

Question 25

Cycles of Earth's Natural Capital

Answer 25

Cycle of elements that sustain the life of earth: - Carbon cycle - Phosphorus cycle - Nitrogen cycle - Water cycle - Oxygen cycle

Question 26

Ecosystem Components

Answer 26

1. Abiotic factors - air - salinity - soil - temperature - light - water - minerals - pH - humidity 2. Biotic factors - bacteria - fungi - plants - protists - animals - archaea

Question 27

The existence, abundance and distribution of a species is determined by levels of one or more physical and biological factors.

Answer 27

Law of Tolerance

Question 28

Limiting factors

Answer 28

A) Terrestrial ecosystems (on land) – precipitation – temperature – soil nutrients B) Aquatic ecosystems (in water) – temperature – sunlight – nutrients – dissolved oxygen – salinity

Question 29

Biological Components of Ecosystems

Answer 29

- Producers (autotrophs) - Consumers (heterotrophs) - Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores - Decomposers and detritivores

Question 30

variety of genetic material within a species or a population

Answer 30

Genetic diversity

Question 31

the number of species present in different habitats

Answer 31

Species diversity

Question 32

the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area

Answer 32

Ecological diversity

Question 33

biological and chemical processes needed for the survival of species, communities and ecosystems

Answer 33

Functional diversity

Question 34

– sequence of organisms which is a source of food for the next.

Answer 34

Food chains

Question 35

most species participate in several food chains (they don’t just eat one thing!).

Answer 35

Food webs

Question 36

each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem (feeding level)

Answer 36

Trophic levels

Question 37

Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Answer 37

Producers (Plants) [1st trophic lvl] Primary Consumers (Herbivores) [2nd trophic lvl] Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) [3rd trophic lvl] Tertiary Consumers (top carnivores) [4th trophic lvl]

Question 38

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time.

Answer 38

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

Question 39

Net primary productivity (NPP)

Answer 39

- Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy - Equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (e.g. carbohydrates) and the rate at which they use some of that energy through cellular respiration.

Question 40

- provides most of the nutrients for plant life - cleans water - decomposes and recycles biodegradable waste

Answer 40

Soils

Question 41

Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

Answer 41

Biogeochemical cycles Hydrological cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Phosphorus cycle

Question 42

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 42

Nitrogen Fixation Ammonification Nitrification Assimilation Denitrification

Question 43

# One is toxic to plants, One is useful to plants. Nitrate vs Nitrite

Answer 43

Nitrate - Usable by Plants Nitrite - Toxic to Plants

Question 44

Consists of single organism

Answer 44

Individual

Question 45

Multiple organisms belonging to the same species

Answer 45

Population

Question 46

Multiple organisms belonging to different species

Answer 46

Community

Question 47

Multiple communities and their physical environment in an area

Answer 47

Ecosystem

Question 48

Biological community formed in response to the physical environment and shared regional climate

Answer 48

Biome