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SCIENCE SUMMARY Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What apparatus(s) uses accurately/ exactly?
A

pipette & burette

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2
Q
  1. What apparatus(s) uses approximately/ nearest?
A

measuring cylinder & beaker

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3
Q
  1. What is pipette rounded to?
A

(1dp): eg. 25.0cm(3)

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4
Q
  1. What is burette rounded to?
A

(2dp): eg. 25.00cm(3)

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5
Q
  1. What is measuring cylinder rounded to?
A

nearest cm(3)

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6
Q
  1. What is beaker rounded to?
A

approximate volume of 100cm(3) or 250cm(3).

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7
Q
  1. If gas is stated, what apparatus is used?
A

gas syringe.

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8
Q
  1. What apparatus is used to find mass?
A

mass balance

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9
Q
  1. What is definition of denser?
A

heavier than oxygen

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10
Q
  1. What delivery is used for denser?
A

downward delivery.

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11
Q
  1. What is the definition of less dense?
A

lighter than oxygen.

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12
Q
  1. What delivery is used for less dense?
A

upward delivery.

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13
Q
  1. What is considered a pure substance?
A

element/ compound.

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14
Q
  1. State the features of a pure substance
A
  • has fixed bp & mp.
  • chromatography: 1 spot.
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15
Q
  1. State the features of an impure/ mixture
A
  • melts below mp/ over a range of temps.
  • boils above bp/ over a range of temps.
  • chromatography: >1 spot.
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16
Q
  1. State the purification analysis methods
A
  • filtration.
  • crystallization/ evaporation.
  • simple distillation.
  • fractional distillation.
  • chromatography.
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17
Q
  1. What is the filtration technique?
A

separate insoluble from mixture.

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18
Q
  1. What is the crystallization/ evaporation technique?
A

separate soluble solid from mixture.

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19
Q
  1. What is the simple distillation technique?
A

separate liquid solvent from a mixture.

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20
Q
  1. What is the fractional distillation technique?
A

separate miscible liquids from different boiling points.

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21
Q
  1. Name all prefixes and their SI units
A
  • Terameter: 10(12)m
  • Gigameter: 10(9)m
  • Megakelvin: 10(6)K
  • Kilometer: 10(3)m
  • centimeter: 10(-2)m
  • millisecond: 10(-3)s
  • microsecond: 10(-6)s
  • nanosecond: 10(-9)s
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22
Q
  1. What are the four types of object measurements?
A
  • size of an atom.
  • size of a hair.
  • size of radius of earth.
  • size of diameter of earth.
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23
Q
  1. What are the object measurements?
A
  • size of an atom: 10(-10)m
  • size of a hair: 10(-4)m
  • size of radius of earth: 10(6)m
  • size of diameter of earth: 10(7)m
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24
Q
  1. Name the base units and their SI units
A
  • electric current: ampere(A)
  • temperature: kelvin(K)
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25
25. What are the instruments used to measure length and what are they used for?
- measuring ruler: height. - digital calipers: diameter of bigger objects, eg. test tubes. - micrometer screw gauge: diameter of smaller objects, eg. piece of thin wire.
26
26. What is a period?
period = time for one oscillation
27
27. State an example of a period
R->S->T->S->R
28
28. What causes a longer period?
- longer period length. - greater gravitational field strength.
29
29. What is a scalar quantity?
has magnitude only
30
30. What is a vector quantity?
has magnitude & direction
31
31. What is distance?
the total length travelled.
32
32. What is displacement?
the shortest distance between the start & end point.
33
33. What is the SI unit for distance & displacement?
m
34
34. What is the SI unit for speed & velocity?
m/s
35
35. Formula for speed
distance/time
36
36. Formula for velocity
displacement/time
37
37. How to answer ticker tape question?
the object is moving at (constant/ increasing. decreasing) speed.
38
38. SI unit for ticker tapes
s
39
39. Formula for total time of ticker tape?
total time= seconds x no. of ticks. ## Footnote first tick is not counted as t=0
40
40. What is acceleration?
the rate of change in speed/ velocity in one second.
41
41. SI unit for acceleration
m/s(2)
42
42. Formula for acceleration
final speed-initial speed/time
43
43. How to write deacceleration answer?
dont write '-' in the answer even though its a negative number but instead write 'deaccelerates' instead of 'accelerates'.
44
44. What is the SI unit for average speed?
m/s
45
45. Formula for average speed?
total distance/total time
46
46. SI unit of distance time graph
m/s
47
47. Formula for distance time graph
distance/time
48
48. distance time graph: - steep=??? - less steep=???
- steep= increasing velocity. - less steep= decreasing velocity.
49
49. SI unit of speed time graph
m/s(2)
50
50. How to calculate distance for speed time graph?
calculate the bottom area of the graph.
51
51. How to calculate the bottom area of speed time graph if the bottom area is a triangle?
area of triangle= 1/2 x b x h.
52
52. How to calculate the bottom area of speed time graph if the bottom area is a rectangle/square?
area of rectangle/square= b x h.
52
53. speed time graph: - steep=??? - less steep=???
- steep= increasing acceleration. - less steep= decreasing acceleration.
53
54. Do you need to calculate the speed in distance time graph?
no.
54
55. How much is the acceleration in a vacuum?
10m/s(2)
55
56. What is free fall?
a vacuum.
55
57. If air resistance can be ignored on earth, how much is the acceleration?
10m/s(2)
56
58. What is the change of state from solid to gas called?
sublimation
57
59. What are the features of solids? (eg. arrangement, movement, forces, kinetic energy.)
-arrangement: particles are packed very closely together in an orderly arrangement. - movement: particles vibrate about a fixed position and are not free to move. - forces: particles are held together by strong forces. - ke of particles: low.
58
60. What are the features of liquids? (arrangement, movement, forces, kinetic energy.)
- arrangement: particles are packed close together but not in an orderly arrangement. - movement: particles are able to slide over each other and move throughout the liquid. - forces: particles are held together with weaker forces. - ke of particles: higher.
59
61. What are the features of gases? (arrangement, movement, forces, kinetic energy.)
- arrangement: particles are far apart in a random arrangement. - movement: particles are free to move throughout the container or the space that the gas occupies. - forces: force between particles is very weak or negligible. - ke of particles: highest.
60
62. Draw the heating curve and label the table
in diagram
61
63. Draw the cooling curve and label the table
in diagram
62
64. Describe what happens during melting or boiling
temperature remains constant during melting or boiling as the energy is being absorbed.
63
65. Describe what happens during condensation or freezing
temperature remains constant during condensation and freezing as energy is being released.
64
66. What is the atomic structure for proton?
- relative charge: +1 - relative mass: 1 - position: in the nucleus
65
67. What is the atomic structure for neutron?
- relative charge: 0 - relative mass: 1 - position: in the nucleus
66
68. What is the atomic structure for electron?
- relative charge: -1 - relative mass: 1/1840 = 0 - position: in electron shells
67
69. What are the periodic table definitions?
- proton (atomic) number. - nucleon (mass) number. - isotopes.
67
70. What is the definition of a proton (atomic) number?
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. ## Footnote neutral atom: proton=electron
68
71. What is the definition of a nucleon (mass) number
the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. ## Footnote neutral atom: proton=electron
69
72. How to find the number of atoms?
nucleon (mass) no. - proton (atomic) number.
70
73. State the definition of isotopes
atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
71
74. What is the meaning of a group in the periodic table?
atoms of elements in the same group with the same number of valence electrons
72
75. Is a group vertical or horizontal?
vertical (⏐).
73
76. Is a period horizontal or vertical?
horizontal (━).
74
77. What is the meaning of a period in the periodic table?
atoms of elements in the same period with the same number of electron shells
75
78. State the definition of positive ions
atoms of metals (Grp 1-13) that lose electrons to form positively charged ions to achieve a stable electronic configuration.
76
79. Will there be more protons or electrons after forming positively charged ions?
no. of protons > no. of electrons ## Footnote the no. of protons will never be equal to the no. of electrons.
77
80. State the definition of negative ions
atoms of non metals (Grp 15-17) gain electrons to form negatively charged ions to achieve a stable electronic configuration.
78
81. Will there be more protons or electrons after forming positively charged ions?
no. of protons < no. of electrons ## Footnote the no. of protons will never be equal to the no. of electrons.
79
82. Does grp 18 elements lose or gain electrons?
grp 18 elements are chemically unreactive so they wont lose or gain electrons as their atoms already have a stable electronic configuration.

N LVLS SUCK (8 decks)

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