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Grade 8 Science Term 2 > Science Term 2 Exam > Flashcards

Science Term 2 Exam Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is a structure

A

A structure is something with a definite size, shape, and purpose that can hold a load.

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2
Q

Natural structures 4 examples

A

Turtle shell / snail shell
Bird’s nest
Ant hill
Spider web
Chicken Egg
Bee hive

A structure built in nature

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3
Q

Built structures 4 examples

A

Buildings
Vehicles
Furniture
Statues
Fences
Playgrounds

Man made structure

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4
Q

What is the form of a structure

A

Shape
Size
Materials

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5
Q

What is the form of a structure

A

Shape
Size
Materials

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6
Q

What is the function of a structure

A

Its purpose/ability to do something

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7
Q

Form follows function

A

The form of a structure should be determined by its intended purpose.

You must know what purpose the structure will serve, or what it will do, in order to decide how you will design or build it.

Form should relate to the function of a structure

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8
Q

Shell structure

A

A shell structure uses a single outside layer to surround an inner object, substances, space etc.

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9
Q

Frame structure

A

A frame structure uses a framework of connected parts to provide support. Frame structures can be two-dimensional (like a fence or ladder) or three-dimensional (buildings, furniture, etc).

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10
Q

Solid structure

A

A solid structure is made from one piece of solid material. The mass of the material is used to resist forces.

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11
Q

What is a force

A

A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop moving.

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12
Q

Gravity

A

Gravity is the force that attracts a body toward the centre of Earth. It is a force that is applied to everything on Earth.

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13
Q

Centre of gravity

A

Centre of gravity is the point from which the weight of a structure may be considered to act (the part with the most weight on average). It is the part of a structure most affected by the force of gravity.

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14
Q
  1. Why might engineers consider the centre of gravity when designing a structure?
A

Considering the centre of gravity can help engineers ensure that structures are strong, stable, and able to withstand loads.

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15
Q

What is an external force

A

An external force acts on an object or structure from outside the structure.

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16
Q
  1. What is the difference between a contact and non-contact force?
A

A contact force is applied when two objects touch.
Non-contact forces are created without touching another object.

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17
Q

Magnitude of a force

A

Magnitude is the size of a force (i.e. a measurement of force)

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18
Q

Point of application

A

The point of application is the specific location where a force makes contact with a structure.

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19
Q

Plane of application

A

The plane of application is the side of a structure affected by a force.

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20
Q

Plane of application

A

The plane of application is the side of a structure affected by a force.

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21
Q

Whats a Load

A

A load is a weight or source of pressure that creates an external force on a structure.

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22
Q
  1. What is the difference between a static and dynamic load?
A

A static load is something that does not change. The size, position and direction of a static load remains the same.

A dynamic load is a force that can change when acting on a structure.

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23
Q

Static load examples

A

The roof of a house
A book placed on a desk
A bench on the sidewalk

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24
Q

Dynnamic load examples 2

A

Rain / snow falling on a roof
Wind blowing against a building
People moving within a building

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25
Internal force
An internal force acts from within a structure
26
Internal form types 4
Compression, tension, torsion, shear
27
Compression
An internal force that squeezes or presses something together
28
Tension
An internal force that stretches to expand or lengthen
29
Shear
An internal force that pushes in opposite directions
30
Torsion
An internal force applied in a twisting motion
31
Symmetry
Symmetry is when an object is the same on both sides. In structures, symmetry also refers to a general sense of balance and harmony.
32
33. Describe 3 reasons why symmetry plays an important role in the design of structures
Aesthetics: humans tend to view symmetry as beautiful and appealing Centre of gravity: In symmetrical structures, the center of gravity is in the middle of the structure so the overall structure can support a greater load Stability: Symmetry ensures structures are stable because weight is distributed evenly
33
Design failure
Structures may fail when they are not built according to code or when there are flaws in the architectural design
34
Improper communication
Improper Communication If the people who design a structure do not properly communicate with the people who built it, the structure may be built improperly
35
Poor foundations
Reason Explanation Poor Foundations Soil near the base of a structure may shift due to poor drainage, leaks, or moisture in the land.
36
Unanticipated forces
Unanticipated Forces Building designers may underestimate the forces that would be placed on the structure (weather, loads, etc). Some forces cannot be anticipated (natural disasters, accidents)
37
34. Describe each reason why a structure might fail.
Design failure Improper communication Poor foundation Unanticipated forces
38
35. How do sensors help ensure structural safety?
Sensors detect or measure conditions around or within a structure. They can be used to detect unusual stresses placed on a structure.
39
36. Give two examples of sensors that can be used to ensure structural safety.
Seismographs are used to record the motion of the ground during an Earthquake. They can detect if a structure is under stress due to vibrations caused by an earthquake. Smoke detectors signal when a fire may be present in a building.
40
37. Give an example of how each factor may be considered when designing / building a structure
**Economic** How much will it cost to build and maintain? (Is it affordable?) What jobs will be created or lost by the creation of this structure? **Environmental** What impact will this structure have on nearby ecosystems? (habitat loss, emissions, etc.) Is the surrounding environment suitable for this structure? (foundation soil, regional climate/weather) **Social** How will this structure be perceived by people in the community? Will this structure be a tourist attraction? Will this structure be accessible to people? (ex: housing, shopping centers - can people afford it?) (ex: accessibility - is it accessible?)
41
System
A system is a group of parts that work together to perform a specific task.
42
Physical system
A physical system is a group of physical parts that work together to perform a specific task.
43
3. Give 3 examples of physical systems.
Human made: Electrical circuits, cars / vehicles, computers, appliances, etc. Natural: Lakes, rivers, weather, solar systems, ecosystems
44
Social system
A social system is a group of organisms who join together to accomplish certain tasks
45
5. Give 3 examples of human social systems
Healthcare systems, Education systems, Transportation systems, Businesses, Sports teams / leagues, Social Media
46
6. Give 3 examples of social systems in nature
School of fish, Flock of birds, Colony of ants, Pack of wolves
47
parts of a system
Input Things that go into the system, like forces, energy, or raw materials Process The actions taken by the system that allow it to convert the input into an output Output The things or services that the system produces.
48
How is feedback used in a system
Feedback uses information related to the outputs to determine necessary variations to the input for the next cycle or loop
49
Industry
An industry is a combination of systems that work together to produce goods and services
50
3examples of industries
Transportation industry, agricultural industry, healthcare industry, education industry
51
11. Give an example of a physical and social system that are part of each industry
Industry Physical Systems Social Systems Transportation Industry Cars, trucks, airplanes, repair equipment Gas stations, mechanic repair shops, urban planners Healthcare Industry X-rays, stethoscopes, needles, heart monitors Walk-in clinics, hospitals Education Industry Computer software, smart boards, laptops Schools, education centers, daycares
52
What’s a simple machine
A simple machine is a basic system that makes work easier.
53
Energy dissipation
Energy dissipation is when energy is lost from a system.
54
Efficiency
Efficiency is the ability to do something without wasting materials, energy, time, or effort.
55
16. Explain why homework may have been less efficient in the past, and why they are more efficient today.
Process Past (Less Efficient) Present (More Efficient) Doing homework Finding information: buying books or getting from the library Accuracy: No calculators, no spell check Completion: writing by hand Finding information: use of internet to quickly answer questions Accuracy: calculators, spell check, etc. Completion: typing
56
17. List and describe 3 examples of technological innovations that have made systems more efficient.
Wireless internet (communicate / access information easily) Facial recognition technology (unlock phones quickly and securely) Smart phones (quick access to internet, multiple functions like calculator, compass, etc.)
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18. Give 3 examples of things that help make our classroom more efficient.
58
19. Give 3 reasons why public transportation may be more efficient than driving a car.
Resources: More fuel efficient, carries more passengers while using less energy Labour: One driver per vehicle, passengers can focus on other things Time: Less traffic, not required to find parking
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20. Give 2 reasons why public transportation may be less efficient than driving a car.
Routes are not direct, people are required to walk to and from stations Subject to delays or other issues Not available everywhere
60
Automation
Automation is the use of automatic equipment in a system, like manufacturing or production. Automation is the technology that allows manufacturing, production, or other processes to occur with minimal human assistance
61
How does automation improve efficiency in systems
Automation increases productivity while reducing human labour. It can help remove the possibility of human error from the manufacturing process as well as remove hazards that are found in the factory environment.
62
Automation Examples 3
Thermostats (automatic temperature control), dishwashers, refrigerators, washers/dryers, automatic door openers, self-driving vehicles, manufacturing machines
63
24. List 3 benefits and drawbacks of automation in systems.
Benefits Drawbacks Higher productivity rates Improves safety Reduces workweek for factory workers High upfront costs Maintenance/repairs Potential to cause unemployment Potential harm to social structure

Grade 8 Science Term 2 (2 decks)

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