Science Vocabulary Flashcards
(419 cards)
1
Q
pH Scale
A
A logarithmic scale used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution.
2
Q
Zygote
A
Fertilized egg with full set of genetic material resulting from merging of egg and sperm nuclei
3
Q
Weak Base
A
A base that only partially forms its conjugate acid in water
4
Q
Weak Acid
A
An acid that partially dissociates in aqueous solution
5
Q
Voluntary
A
With intentional control
6
Q
Volumetric Pipette
A
A device used for precise measurement of small amounts of liquid volume
7
Q
Volume
A
The amount of space something takes up
8
Q
Vitamin D
A
A vitamin made by the skin that helps the intestine absorb dietary calcium
9
Q
Viscera
A
The internal organs in the main cavities of the body
10
Q
Virus
A
A noncellular entity that consists of a central core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
11
Q
Ventilation
A
The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation
12
Q
Veins
A
Vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other body parts
13
Q
Vector
A
A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal
14
Q
Vas Deferens
A
The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra
15
Q
Variables
A
The condition in an experiment that may be changed or manipulated
16
Q
Valence Electrons
A
An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms
17
Q
Vagina
A
The canal that connects the external genitals to the cervix in the female
18
Q
Vaccine
A
A solution of dead or weakened pathogen introduced to the body for the purpose of stimulating antibody production for the pathogen
19
Q
Volkmann Canal
A
Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals. Also called perforating canals.
20
Q
Uterus
A
The womb
21
Q
Urine
A
Liquid waste excreted by the kidneys
22
Q
Urinary System
A
The system composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra that functions in the excretory process
23
Q
Urinary Bladder
A
The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination
24
Q
Urethra
A
The duct that delivers urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
25
Ureter
The duct that delivers urine from the kidney to the bladder
26
Urea
The main nitrogenous part of urine
27
Unsaturated Solution
A solution containing less than the maximum possible amount of a solute
28
Tubular Reabsorption
Movement of useful material from filtrate back into the bloodstream
29
Triple Point
The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid and gas phases of a pure substance coexist
30
Translation
The protein synthesis that takes place after mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome
31
Trachea
The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs
32
Tissue
A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs
33
Tidal Volume
The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation
34
Thyroid Gland
The gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development , and metabolic rate
35
Thymus
The lymphoid organ that produces T-cells
36
Testosterone
The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics
37
Testes (Testicles)
The male gonads. The organs that produce sperm
38
Tendons
Tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
39
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon
40
Template Strand
A sequence of bases on a strand of DNA that is used to form a complementary mRNA molecule
41
Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of a particles of a substance
42
Telophase II
The state in meiosis II in which nuclear membranes for as the two daughter cells from meiosis I separate into four haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid each
43
Telophase II
The stage in meiosis I in which nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids
44
Telophase
The state in mitosis in which two nuclei form and the daughter cells separate
45
Target Site
A particular cell type or organ which a specific hormone can have an effect
46
T cells
White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in an immune response
47
Systole
The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood
48
Synthesis Reaction
A chemical reaction in which two different substances combine to form a more complex product
49
Synapse
The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles or glands
50
Sweat
Perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin
51
Sutures
Joints, such as those between the plates of the skull, that do not allow motion
52
Surfactant
A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs
53
Supersaturated Solution
A solution that has been raised to a higher temperature in order to dissolve more solute than would be possible at room temperature
54
Sugars
The monomers used to build polysaccharides; also molecules made of two or a few monosaccharide units that are used for fuel in the body
55
Sublimation
The transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state
56
Subcutaneous
Under the dermis
57
Strong Base
A base that loses its protons more readily than other bases and completely dissociates in aqueous solution
58
Strong Acid
An acid that loses its protons more easily than other acids and completely dissociates in water
59
Stomach
The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs
60
Steroid Hormones
Hormones made from cholesterol
61
Spongy Bone
A type of bone having fewer osteons , and therefore, lighter than compact (dense) bones
62
Specific Heat Capacty
The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C
63
Somatic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls conscious skeletal muscle function
64
Solvent
The substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
65
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose components are uniformly distributed on a microscopic scale
66
Solute
The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution
67
Solid
A state of matter that retains its shape and density when not contained
68
Smooth Muscle
Muscle that can be found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines
69
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrate lipids in the cell; does not contain ribosomes
70
Small Intestine
The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that include the duodenum, jejunum and ileum where digestion and absorption of food occurs
71
Skin
The thin layer of tissues that covers the body
72
Skeletal System
The system of bones in the body that provides protection for delicate organs and serve as the scaffold against which muscles pull for movement, protection, and storage of materials and fat
73
Skeletal Muscle
Muscle that connects to the skeleton in at least one place and contracts to move parts of the body; the voluntary muscle in the body
74
Single Replacement Reaction
A chemical reaction between an element and a compound in which the elements takes the place of another element in the compound
75
Short Bones
Bones that are similar in both height and width, such as those found in the wrist. They have limited articulation with each others as gliding joints
76
Semilunar Valves
The atrioventricular valves in the heart, comprising the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve
77
Sebaceous Glands
Accessory structures originating in the dermis that secrete sebum onto hair emerging from the hair follicle
78
Scrotum
The pouch of skin that contains the testicles
79
Scientific Experiment
A systematic procedure used to test a hypothesis
80
Saturated Solution
A solution containing the maximum possible amount of solute
81
Sarcomere
Contracting unit of a muscle
82
Salt
A chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation
83
Saliva
The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit
84
SI Unit
International System of Units based on meters, kilograms, seconds, amperes, Kelvin, candela and mole. Commonly known as the metric system
85
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes processes proteins in the cell
86
Ribosome
A protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis
87
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A progressive autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
88
Resolving Power
The ability of a microscope to show details
89
Renin
An enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure us detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
90
Renal Vein
A vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava
91
Renal Pelvis
The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter
92
Renal Medulla
The innermost part of the kidney
93
Renal Cortex
The outer layer of the kidney
94
Renal Arteries
The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
95
Releasing Hormones
Chemical messengers that stimulate the production of certain hormones
96
Relaxation
Release of tension in a muscle
97
Refraction
The bending or change in the angle of a light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lens
98
Reflex
An involuntary action to a stimulus
99
Reference Planes
Planes dividing the body to describe locations ; sagittal, coronal and transverse
100
Rectum
The last section of the large intestines, ending with the anus
101
Recessive
Refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait
102
Reactants
In a chemical equation, the substances on the left side of the equation; the starting materials in a chemical reaction
103
Puberty
A psychological period in which changes in hormone levels cause a general "growth spurt" and development of secondary sex characteristics
104
Proximal Tubule
The first location where glucose and other useful solutes are reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surrounding capillaries. it connects the Bowman's capsule to the Loop of Henle
105
Protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes that are parasitic on plants or animals and lack a cell wall
106
Proton
A positively charged atomic particle
107
Proteins
Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bond
108
Prostate
The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a portion of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
109
Prophase II
The stage in meiosis II in which chromosomes in the haploid daughter cell condense
110
Prophase I
The state in meiosis I in which chromosomes condense and from homologous pairs
111
Prophase
The state in mitosis in which chromosomes condense and from homologous pairs
112
Prophase
The state in mitosis in which chromosomes condense in preparation for being pulled apart
113
Products
In a chemical equation, the substances on the right side of the equation; the substance that are formed in a chemical reaction
114
Positive Feedback
A mechanism that stimulates glandular secretions to continue to increase, temporarily pushing levels further out of homeostasis, until a particular biological effect is reached (eg. expulsion of the fetus during childbirth)
115
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrate polymers made out of many sugar molecules
116
Polymer
A substance composed of similar units bonded together
117
Pleura
A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity
118
Plasma Membrane
A cell organelle consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that maintains its environment through the property of selective permeability
119
Plasma Cell
A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody
120
Plasma
Clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body
121
Placebo
A substance with no medicinal effect that can be used as a control in an experiment
122
Pituitary Gland
The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development
123
Pineal Gland
A small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin
124
Phosphodiester Bond
A covalent bond that links two nucleotides together in a nucleic acid molecule
125
Phosphate Group
A phosphorous atom bound to four oxygen atoms
126
Phenotype
Physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and enviornment
127
Pharynx
A cavity between the mouth and esophagus that serves as a passageway for food and air
128
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
129
Peristalsis
A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
130
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of an extensive network of spinal nerves carrying sensory, or afferent, information toward the brain and spinal cord and motor, or efferent, information away from the brain and spinal cord
131
Periosteum
A thin layer that surrounds bone and is the surface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
132
Periodic Table
The table of elements expressed as column and rows
133
Period
One of seven horizontal rows in the periodic table
134
Perfusion
The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue
135
Penis
Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body
136
Pathogen
An infectious agent
137
Passive Transport
Movement across a cell membrane that does not require energy input
138
Passive Immunity
Temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source
139
Parathyroid
An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone
140
Pandemic
An epidemic that is spread over multiple countries or continents
141
Pancreas
The gland of digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
142
pH
The measure of the acidity or alkalinity
143
Punnett Square
An illustration of the probability of genetic inheritance based on the genotypes of the gametes
144
Protista
The taxonomic kingdom that contains the most primitive of the eukaryotes, single-celled organisms that move by locomotor appendages. They usually have no cell wall; instead, they have a cell membrane that surrounds the organelles
145
Oxytocin
A hormone made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. One of its functions is to stimulate urine contractions during childbirth
146
Oxidation-reduction Reaction
A chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two chemical species
147
Ovaries
The female gonads. Organs in which eggs are produced for reproduction
148
Osteoporosis
A disease that causes brittle, fragile bones
149
Osteons
Cylindrical structures that comprise contact bones
150
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Brittle bone disease
151
Osteocytes
Osteocytes are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stress
152
Osteoclasts
Cells that remove bones
153
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stresses. Their long projections connect to each other through the canaliculi of bones
154
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease
155
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
156
Organic Molecule
A molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon
157
Organelle
A specialized part of a cell that has a special function
158
Organ Systems
Functional group of organs that work together within the body; circulatory, integumentary, skeletal ,reproductive , digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous
159
Organ
A self- contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
160
Orbital
An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found
161
Ocular Lens
The lens in a compound microscope that is closest to the eye
162
Objective Lens
The lens in a a compound microscope that works to gather light from the specimen
163
Nucleus
A large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes
164
Nucleotides
The monomers used to build DNA and RNA
165
Nucleic Acids
Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
166
Nonmetal
Any element or substance that is not metal
167
Noninfectious Diseases
Diseases that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be transmitted directly from one person to another
168
Noncovalent Bond
A relatively weak bond, like a hydrogen bond or an ionic bond; in macromolecules, many noncovalent bonds work together to give the macromolecule its functional three dimensional shape
169
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Inheritance of traits that do not follow Mendelian pattern of inheritance
170
Neutron
An atomic particle with no electric charge
171
Neuron
Cell of the nervous system that conducts the electrical nerve impulse
172
Nervous System
A complex system that controls and affects every part of the body in daily life functions and in constant drive to maintain homeostasis
173
Nerve
A bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord
174
Nephron
The part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
175
Negative Feedback
A mechanism that includes the monitoring for specific homeostatic levels and a signal to a gland; This signal stimulates or inhibits the gland's secretion in order to maintain homeostasis or cause compensations that returns the level to homeostasis
176
Muscular Systems
An integrated system in the body that is vital for controlling involuntary and voluntary movement
177
Muscle
Fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body
178
Mouth
The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal
179
Monomers
Molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer
180
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between parents heterozygous at one specific gene
181
Molecule
An arrangement of two or more atoms bonded together
182
Mole
A unit of a substance that is equal to exactly 6.02214076 x 1023 particles of that substance
183
Mitosis
Cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell
184
Mitochondrion
The site of energy production in a cell
185
Mineralization
Deposition of hydroxyapatite onto the highly organized collagen matrix in bone
186
Mineral Resorption
The osteoclasts' removal of calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream
187
Microorganism
Life forms that are not readily observed without magnification
188
Microbiology
The branch of science that deals with microorganisms
189
Metaphase II
The stage in meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align
190
Metaphase I
The stage in mitosis in which pairs of homologous chromosomes align
191
Metaphase
The stage in mitosis in which chromosomes align
192
Metal
A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides
193
Memory Cell
A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction
194
Meiosis
Specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms
195
Mass
A measurement of inertia , commonly considered the amount of material contained by an object and causing it to have weight in a gravitational field
196
Magnification
The ability of a microscope to make objects appear enlarged
197
Macrophage
A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
198
Macromolecules
A molecule that contains a large number of atoms
199
mRNA
Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that is produced by the transcription of DNA
200
Monera
The taxonomic kingdom that contains the prokaryotes, single-celled organism with no defined nucleus
201
Mendelian Inheritance
Inheritance of traits that follow Gregor Mendel's two laws and the principle of dominance
202
Lysosome
A cell organelle that aids in digestion and the recycling of old cell materials
203
Lymphocyte
A category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
204
Lymph
Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
205
Luteinizing Hormone
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that is responsible for triggering ovulation in ovaries and the production of testosterone by testes
206
Long Bones
Bones that have a pronounced longitudinal axis
207
Liver
The organ that produces bile, regulated glycogen storage and performs other bodily function
208
Liter
Measurement of liquid volume
209
Liquid
A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape
210
Lipids
Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water
211
Ligaments
A tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
212
Leukocyte
White blood cells, which protect the body against disease
213
Length
Measurement of distance from end to end
214
Large Intestine
Compromised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal, it is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination
215
Lamellae
Layers of bone, tissues, or cell wall
216
Lacunae
Microscopic pits in bones that contains osteocytes and connect to each other within an osteon by way of canaliculi
217
Le Chatelier's Principle
A principle starting that when a chemical reaction at equilibrium is perturbed, it responds by proceeding in a direction that will restore the equilibrium
218
Kidneys
The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood
219
Keratin
A tough protein made by epithelial keratinocytes
220
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same numbers of protons and electrons
221
Irregular Bones
Bones that do not fit into the three bone shape categories; flat bone, long bone and short bone
222
Ionic Bond
The bond between two oppositely charged ions
223
Ion
A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule
224
Involuntary
Without intentional control
225
Interphase
The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which DNA replicates
226
Interferons
Protein secreted by leukocytes when they are infected with viruses
227
Integumentary System
An organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs
228
Insulin
A hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels
229
Innate Immune System
A collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
230
Inhibiting Hormones
Chemical messengers that restrict the production of certain hormones
231
Inheritance
Transmission of characteristics to offspring
232
Inflammation
The resulting redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area of defense by innate community
233
Infectious/ Communicable Diseases
Disease that spread from one person to another and are caused by pathogenic microorganisms
234
Independent Variable
The condition that is manipulated or changed in an experiement
235
Immunoglobin
An antibody
236
Immune System
A system that protects the body from disease-causing agents known as pathogens by responding to substances on the surfaces of agents that the body perceives as foreign
237
Hypothesis
An educated guess about a casual relationship that is generated by observation and initial data collection and serves as the basis for additional experimentation
238
Hypothalamus
A location in the brain that an integration center between the endocrine and nervous system
239
Hypodermis
The deepest layer of the skin
240
Hyperthyroidism
A malfunction of regulatory feedback loops leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormone
241
Hydrophobic
Fear of water
242
Hydrophillic
Water loving
243
Hydrolysis Reaction
A chemical reaction in which a waster molecule cleaves a covalent bond to form two products; monomeric subunits of polymers are cleaved from a polymer by this reaction
244
Hydrogen Bond
A type of non-covalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen bond to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom
245
Hyaline Cartilage
The kind of connective tissue that protects bone in articulating joints
246
Hormone
A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body
247
Homozygous
The state of carrying a pair of identical alleles of a gene; e.g., AA or aa
248
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
249
Histamine
A white blood cell secretion that triggers capillary permeability and vasodialation
250
Hinge Joint
A joint that allows for a flexion and extension of the more distal bone alone one plane
251
Heterozygous
The state of carrying different alleles of a gene; e.g., Aa
252
Hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
253
Helper T- Cell
A type of lymphocyte that secretes interleukins, a protein that triggers the action of other cells, including the attack of foreign cells by cytotoxic T- cells
254
Helminths
Multicellular parasitic worms
255
Heart
Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
256
Hair Follicles
Tubes arising from the dermis surrounded by invaginations of epithelial tissue, from which hair growth occurs
257
Haversian Canal
Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves. Also called the central canal.
258
Growth Hormone
A secretion of the anterior pituitary that stimulates tissue growth. Also known as somatotropin
259
Group
A column of elements in the periodic table
260
Gram
Metric unit of mass
261
Graduated Cylinder
A narrow cylinder used to measure liquid volume
262
Gonad
Reproductive organ that produces gametes; in males the testes, in females the ovaries
263
Glycerol
A sugar compound that serves as the backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids
264
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release that glucose into the blood
265
Glomerulus
A network of capillaries from which blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids and urea from the blood
266
Gland
An organ that secretes a substance
267
Giganism
Excessive growth resulting from overproduction of growth hormone
268
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual
269
Genome
The complete set of 64 codons that specify 20 amino acids
270
Gene
A sequence of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity
271
Gas
A state of matter that is highly compressible and has no definite volume or shape, the molecules of which are in constant random motion
272
Gamete
Sex cell; in males the sperm, in females the eggs (ova)
273
Gall Bladder
The organ that stores bile
274
Golgi Apparatus
A cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules
275
Fungi
Multicellular, aerobic, heterotrophic eukaryotes that have chitin in their cell walls
276
Follicle- Stimulating Hormone
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates development of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes
277
Follicle
Saclike structure that contains and allows for maturation of the female ovum(egg) within the ovary
278
Flat Bones
Thin bones that have a plate-like shape, such as bones of the cranium
279
Filtrate
Materials, including water, that leaves the blood through the walls of the glomerular capillaries to enter the Bowman's capsule
280
Fatty Acid
A molecule composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end
281
Fallopian Tubes
Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
282
Exothermic
Involving release of heat
283
Exocrine Gland
A gland that produces secretions having an extracellular effect, such as chemical digestion. These secretions leave the gland by way of duct
284
Excretion
Elimination of metabolic waste from the body
285
Estrogen
A female sex hormone released by the ovaries
286
Esophagus
A long, muscular tube that carries food to the stomach
287
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction in which the phenotype of a trait is the result of one gene's alleles affecting the alleles of another independently inherited gene
288
Epiphyseal Plate
Hyaline cartilage in long bones where bone elongation happens. Also known as the growth plate
289
Epinephrine
A polar, water-soluble hormone released by the adrenals in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline
290
Epidermis
The outer layer of skin
291
Epidemic
The outbreak and rapid spread of a disease among a large number of people within a community, population, or region.
292
Enzyme
A substrate produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst. A catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy; in cells, most enzymes are proteins
293
Enzymatic Digestion
The breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption
294
Endothermic
Involving absorption of heat
295
Endocrine Gland
A gland that secretes hormones. A duct-less gland
296
Endemic
Something that originates in and/or is restricted to a particular region or population
297
Empirical Evidence
Evidence generated through experimentation
298
Element
Pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances
299
Electron Microscope
A magnification instrument that forms an image using a beam of electrons that travel at high speeds and form a wavelike pattern
300
Electron
A negatively charged atomic particle
301
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Accessory structures, originating throughout the dermis of the human body, which secrete sweat used primarily for thermoregulation
302
Double Replacement Reaction
A chemical reaction of two compounds in which the positive and negative ions of the reactants switch places
303
Dominant
Refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait
304
Diuretic
Any substance that causes water to be lost from the body through urination
305
Directional Terminology
Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc.)
306
Dimensional Analysis
A technique that is used to change the magnitude of SI measurements
307
Dilution
The addition of solvent to decrease the concentration of solute in a solution
308
Dihybrid Cross
A cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes
309
Diffusion
The passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
310
Diastole
The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood
311
Diabetes
Pathologically high blood sugar levels
312
Dermis
The middle layer of skin
313
Deposition
The transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state
314
Dependent Variable
The condition in an experiment that is potentially affected by manipulating an independent variable
315
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The material that contains genetic information
316
Deoxyribose Sugar
The sugar portion of a deoxyribose nucleotide
317
Density
The ratio of mass to volume
318
Dendritic Cells
Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells
319
Dendrite
A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse towards the neuron cell body
320
Dehydration Reaction
A chemical reaction between two molecules in which a water molecule is released and a covalent bond forms; often requires an input of energy; polymers are built as a result of this reaction
321
Decomposition Reaction
A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks apart
322
Data
A collection of factual information
323
Cytotoxic T-cells
The category of lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells
324
Cytoplasm
The material inside the membrane of a eukaryotic cell that contains the organelles
325
Cytokines
Cell signaling molecules released primarily by helper T-cells and macrophages. Certain cytokines activate cytotoxic T-cells
326
Cystic Fibrosis
A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infection
327
Cutaneous Vasodilation
An increase in the diameter of blood vessel in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin
328
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction
A decrease in the diameter of blood vessel in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin
329
Critical Point
The temperature above which a substance coexists in both its liquid and gas states
330
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond in which electron pair are shared between atoms
331
Correlation
Linked trends in data that are not causative
332
Conversion Factor
A number that expresses the relationship between dissimilar units and is used to change the quality of units without altering the actual value
333
Control Variable
The condition in an experiment that is kept the same between dissimilar units and is used to change the quantity of units without altering the actual volume
334
Control Variable
The condition in an experiment that is kept the same between the control and experimental groups
335
Contraction
The process leading to shortening and/ or development of tension in a muscle
336
Conclusion
An end judgement based on data
337
Concentration of a Solution
The quantity of solute in a given quantity of a solution
338
Compound
A substance made of two or more elements
339
Complementary Strand
A molecule of RNA (or a strand of DNA) synthesized from a complementary template strand
340
Compact (Dense) Bone
Bone containing densely packed osteons that make up the peripheral layer of bone
341
Commensal Microorganism
Microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing it harm
342
Collagen
Tough, flexible connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear
343
Cohesion
The tendency of similar molecules to stick to each other or group together
344
Codons
Triplets of nucleotide that code for amino acids
345
Codominance
When two alleles exhibit their phenotypes equally in the heterozygote
346
Chyme
The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestines
347
Chromosome
A structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA
348
Chromatid
One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle
349
Chemical Reaction
A process in which one bonding arrangement among atoms is exchanged for a different bonding arrangement
350
Chemical Equilibrium
The stage in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and there is no change in the concentrations of reactants or products
351
Chemical Equation
Mathematical representation of a chemical reaction
352
Cervix
The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
353
Ceruminous Glands
Accessory structures that produce ear wax. They are found only in the dermis of the ear canal
354
Central Nervous System
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the command center for all communication and actions of the body
355
Cellular Functions
Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
356
Cells
The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.
357
Cell-Mediated Immunity
A type of adaptive immunity in which T lymphocytes attack parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, or cells that contain pathogens
358
Cation
A positively charged ion
359
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change
360
Cartilage
The primary structural protein of connective tissue
361
Cardiovascular System
The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels
362
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary muscle found in the heart
363
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose
364
Capillaries
Small vessels that connect similar arteries, called arterioles, to smaller veins, called venules, and carry out gas exchange
365
Canaliculi
Microscopic canals in ossified bone
366
Buffer
A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It consists of either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid
367
Bronchioles
Small passage in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
368
Bronchi
The main passageways directly attached to the lungs
369
Brittle Bone Disease
A group of diseases that affects collagen and result in fragile bones
370
Bone Marrow
A soft material within spongey bone and medullary cavity of long bones
371
Bone
Hard, calcified materials that make up the skeleton
372
Bolus
A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed
373
Bias
Prejudice in favor of an idea
374
Base
A substance with a pH greater than 7
375
Ball and Socket Joint
Point of articulation that allows for abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation. The hip socket is one example of a ball and socket joint
376
Bacteria
Unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease
377
Bronsted-Lowry Base
A compound that has the tendency to accept a proton from another molecule
378
Bowman's Capsule
A cup-like structure that surrounds and collects filtrate from the glomerulus
379
B Cell
Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigen
380
Axon
A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
381
Axial Skeleton
The portion of the skeleton consisting of the skull, ribs , sternum and spinal column
382
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate
383
Autoimmune Diseases
A pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen
384
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
385
Atomic Mass
The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element
386
Atomic Mass
The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element
387
Atom
The most basic complete unit of an element
388
Asthma
A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
389
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts
390
Arrhenius Base
A substance that produces hydrogen ions (OH-) when mixed with water
391
Appendicular Skeleton
The portion of the skeleton made up of our appendages- the bones of our arms, legs, hands and feet
392
Apocrine Sweat Gland
Accessory structures of the dermis that are in physical association with hair follicles, producing a secretion with an odor (possibly a sex pheromone to humans)
393
Anus
The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled
394
Antimicrobial
A substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host
395
Antigens
Substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign
396
Antigen Presenting Cell
A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces
397
Antidiuretic Hormone
A secretion from the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed from a collecting duct
398
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
A defense that employs B cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens for later destruction. Also known as humoral immunity
399
Antibody
A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
400
Antagonist
The relaxed muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement
401
Anion
A negatively charged ion
402
Angiotensin II
A secretion that acts to restore blood volume and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, stimulating thirsts, and stimulating production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
403
Anatomical Position
Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes and palms of hands together
404
Anaphase II
The stage in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
405
Anaphase I
The stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
406
Anaphase
The stage in mitosis in which the chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cells division begins
407
Amino Acids
The monomers that make up protein
408
Alveoli
Tina air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
409
Allergies
An immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen
410
Alleles
A specific copy of a gene
411
Aldosterone
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases reabsorption of sodium ions
412
Agonist
The contracting muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement; also called the prime mover
413
Adrenal
A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other function
414
Adhesion
The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
415
Adaptive Immune System
A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body
416
Active Transport
Movement across a cell membrane that travels against the concentration gradient and thus requires energy
417
Active Immunity
Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens
418
Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
419
Acid
A substance with a pH less than 7
