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Science with Hazel Double Paper Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasmodium

A

Protoctist that causes malaria

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2
Q

Fungi cell wall

A

Made out of chitin

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3
Q

Hyphea

A

Thread like structures that form a network called mycelium

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4
Q

How do fungi get nutrition?

A

Saprotrophic nutrition

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5
Q

Yeast anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Carbohydrate storage in animals

A

As glycogen

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7
Q

Carbohydrate storage in fungi

A

Glycogen

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8
Q

Carbohydrate storage in plants

A

Starch

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9
Q

Cell

A

Group of organelles working together to perform the same function

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10
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells working together to perform the same function

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11
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform the same function

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12
Q

organ systems

A 
Digestive
Endocrine
Reproductive
Circulatory
Respiratory 
Nervous
Excretory
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13
Q

Zygote

A

One egg and sperm meet at fertilization

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14
Q

Elements in carbohydrates

A

CHO

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15
Q

Elements in proteins

A

CHON

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16
Q

Elements in lipids

A

CHO

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17
Q

Structure of lipids

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol

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18
Q

Enzymes

A

Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up

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19
Q

Amylase

A

Made in pancreas. Catalyses breakdown of starch into glucose

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20
Q

Protease

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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21
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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22
Q

Optimum enzyme temp

A

37 degrees C

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.

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25
Photosyntheis
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
26
Photosynthesis limiting factors
Temperature Carbon factor Sunlight
27
Leaf adaptations
Large surface area Thin Flat
28
Structure of a leaf
``` Waxy cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll (with air space) Lower epidermis Stoma and guard cells Waxy cuticle ```
29
Waxy cuticle
Prevents transpiration in leaf
30
Transpiration
Loss of water vapour from leaf
31
Two veins in plants
Xylem and phloem
32
Xylem
Brings water to leaf
33
Phloem
Removes sugar from leaf
34
Stomata
Allow CO2 into the leaf, and oxygen and water to leave the leaf
35
Glucose made in photosynthesis is used in
Proteins Fats Cellulose for cell walls
36
Nitrates mineral ions
Build proteins
37
Magnesium mineral ions
Used to make chlorophyll
38
Magnesium deficient
Yellow leaves
39
Nitrates deficiency
Short plant
40
Digestion
Break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones
41
Peristalsis
Muscular contractions push the bolus of food down the oesophagus
42
Bile
Made in liver. Stored in gallbladder. Emulsifies fat. Increases low pH
43
Villi structure
``` Thin surface layer Capillaries Lacteal (fat absorption) Blood vessels Microvillo ```
44
How small intestine is adapted for role
Large surface area with villi and microvilli. Lots of capillaries. Thin wall - short diffusion distance. Lacteals absorb fats
45
Large intestine
Water is reabsorbed into blood
46
Rectum
Where the faeces is stored
47
Egestion
The removal of faeces from the anus
48
Excretion
Removal of waste products of metabolism
49
Metabolism
The rate at which chemical reactions take place.
50
Assimilation
Building up large molecules from smaller ones
51
Nutrient
``` Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water Fibre ```
52
Carbohydrates
Bread rice and pasta. | Source of energy
53
Proteins
Meats | Important for growth and repair of muscles
54
Protein deficieny
Kwashiorkor
55
Kwashiorkor
Ball stomachs
56
Fats
Dairy products Concentrated energy source Insulation
57
Vitamin C
Citrus fruits Repair of tissues Sticks together tissues in mouth
58
Vit C deficiency
Scurvy | Mouth bleeds
59
Vit D
Strong bones Fish liver oils Sun :)
60
Vit D deficiency
Ricketts in children
61
Vitamin a
Vision in dim light | Found in fish oils and margarine
62
Vit a deficiency
Night blindness
63
Iron
Red meats and spinach | Haemoglobin
64
Iron deficieny
Anaemia | Tiredness and exhaustion
65
Calcium
Mineral for teeth and bones | Found in milk
66
Calcium deficieny
Ricketts
67
Fibre
Prevents constipation
68
Water
Supports all chemical reactions in the body
69
Respiration
Carried out in mitochondria for energy release
70
ATP uses
Cell division To build up large molecules from smaller ones Active transport Muscle contraction
71
Aerobic respiration
6O2 + C6O12H6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + (ATP)
72
Anaerobic respiration in animal cells
Glucose --> lactate (+energy)
73
Oxygen debt
Oxygen required to break down lactate in muscles
74
How are lungs kept clean
Goblet and ciliated cells
75
Goblet cell
Secretes mucus
76
Ciliated cell
Waft mucus out of the way
77
Breathing in
External intercostal muscles contract. Ribs up and out. Diaphragm contracts.
78
Breathing out
Internal intercostal muscles contract. Ribs move down and in. Diaphragm relaxes
79
Alveoli adaptations
Large surface area Good blood supply Thin walls - short diffusion pathway Moist to dissolve gases
80
Plant Root structure
Xylem as an x in the centre, phloem had circles around that
81
Plant stem structure
Other layer is the phloem, inner is the xylem
82
Phloem
Transports sugar, and some insects will bite it. Phloem is in the outside of the stem. Glucose transported around the plant
83
Xylem
Transport water and mineral ions where its absorbed from root hair cells to leaves
84
Xylem structure
Continuous columns Dead cells Lignin
85
Phloem structure
Sieve plate elements and companion cells.
86
Components of blood
Red blood cells Plasma (acts as suspension) Platelets White blood cells
87
Plasma
Transports CO2 urea glucose amino acids hormones around the body
88
Red blood cells structure
Bioconcave disc shape maximizes surface area ratio. No nucleus. Haemoglobin binds to oxygen.
89
How pathogen are prevented
Skin HCl in stomach Tears, eye lashes and nose hairs
90
Phagocytes
Engulf or ingest pathogens and secrete digestive enzymes
91
Lymphocytes
Recognizes antigens on pathogen. Secretes antibodies that destroy the pathogen. By labelling the pathogen making it easier for phagocytes to see Neutralizes toxins Makes pathogen stick together Makes the pathogen burst open on some occasions
92
Heart structure
Right atrium left atrium | Right ventricle left ventricle
93
Ventricles vs Atria
Ventricles have thicker walls than the atria because they pump blood further and at higher pressures
94
Right and left ventricle difference
Left ventricle is thicker because it had more distance to cover with the blood
95
Hepatic
Relating to the liver
96
Renal
Relating to the kidneys
97
Hepatic portal vein
Blood from the digestive system to the liver
98
Coronary heart disease
Supplying the heart with it's own oxygen requirements. Blocked arteries mean the heart dies and gets a heart attack. Sedentary lifestyle diet smoking inheritance and stress make this disease more likely
99
How is heart rate increased
``` Adrenaline increases heart rate Muscles produce CO2 when exercising Receptors in aorta detect this increase Electrical impulses sent to medulla Accelerator nerve raises heart rate ```
100
Lumen
Hole in an artery and vein
101
Artery structure
Narrow lumen. Thick walls (muscle and elastic)
102
Vein structure
Large lumen and thin walls (muscle and elastic). Valves that prevent the back flow of blood.
103
Capillaries
Narrow lumen. One cell thick wall with endothelial cells.
104
Excretion
Removal of waste products of metabolism from the body
105
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a steady internal environment
106
Stimulus
A change in the environment
107
What stimuli do plants need to respond to
Light and gravity
108
Tropism
A plants response to a directional stimulus
109
Phototropism
A plants response to lighr
110
Geotropism
A plants response to gravity
111
Phototropism in plant parts
Stem shows positive phototropism | Roots show negative phototropism ( grow away from light )
112
Geotropism in plant parts
Roots show positive geotropism | Stem shows negative geotropism
113
Auxins
Plant hormones
114
How to auxins work in stems
In a stem, auxins concentrate on the side furthest from the light - cell elongation causes the stemtk bend towards the kight
115
Coleoptiles
Cereal seedlings used to investigate tropisms
116
Clinostate
Negates the effects of gravity or light
117
Hormones
Chemical messengers which travel in the blood
118
Differences between hormonal and nervous system
Nervous is much faster. Nervous system involves very localized responses. Nervous system responses are short lived.
119
Effector (nervous system)
Muscle or a gland
120
Synapse
The gap between two neurons
121
Neurottansmitter6
Diffuses across the synapse and binds to the post synaptic membrane
122
List of responses in a nervous response
Stimulus. Receptor. Sensory neurone. CNS. Motor neurone. Effector. Response.
123
List of responses in a reflex action
Stimulus. Receptor. Sensory neurone. Relay neurone. Motor neurone. Effector. Response.
124
Role of the skin
``` Sense pain touch pressure Tough outer layer Controls heat loss Barrier against pathogens Prevents water loss ```
125
What happens when your temp is too high?
Hairz lay flat Vasodilation Sweating
126
Gametes
Eggs and sperm that fuse at fertilisation
127
What happens to a zygote after it is first fertilized
Zygoty divides by mitosis to form an embryo
128
Asexual reproduction
Genetically identical offspring
129
Examples of asexual reproduction in plants
Strawberry runners Potato tubers They produce mini plants which are clones of the original. These can be cut off and planted somewhere else.
130
Male parts of the plant
Stamen: | Anther (contains the pollen grains, the male gametes) and the filament ( supports the anther)
131
Female parts of the plant
Carpel: | Stigma, style and ovary
132
Sexual reproduction in plants
Pollination (transfer of pollen from another to stigma); pollen tube goes down the style. Pollen meets ovule, fertilization takes place. Ovule forms seed. Ovule wall becomes seed coat. Ovary wall forms the fruit
133
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
134
Insect pollination adaptations
Colourful petals Nectary Enclosed stigma and anther Strong scent
135
Wind pollination adaptations
``` Anther are exposed Dull coloured Small petals No scent Absence of nectary Small pollen grains ```
136
Germination
Seed coat bursts. Radicle grows down. Shoot grows up. Food store used up. Warmth oxygen and water are needed.
137
Female reproductive system
Vagina. Cervix (entrance to uterus). Uterus. Fallopian tubes ending in the ovaries.
138
Ovaries
Manufacture eggs and make oestrogen
139
Fallopian tube
Delivers eggs to uterus - site of fertilisation
140
Uterus
Where the zygote implants and then embryo develops.
141
Urethra
Transports urine out of the body
142
Testes
Make sperm and testosterone
143
Sperm duct
Tube that transports semen from the testes to the urethra
144
Urethra (male)
Transports urine and semen out of the body
145
Penis
Passes urine out of the body and deliver semen into the vagina.
146
Placenta
Supplies the foetus with oxygen glucose and amino acids. Remove urea CO2 and waste materials.
147
Oestrogen
Produced by ovaries. Responsible for secondary sexual characteristics (changes that occur during puberty). Repairs the uterus lining.
148
Progesterome
Made in placenta and corpus luteum (left over structure when the egg is ovulated). Maintain the thickness of uterus lining.
149
Why do we need thick uterus linings
Thin linings can lead to miscarriages. Needs to be thicc to support growing fetus.
150
Testosterone
Puberty changes in males
151
Genome
Entire DNA of an organism
152
How many chromosomes in a human bodyy
46 (a dilpoid) | Half a set is a haploid (a diploid is a pair of haploids (23))
153
Gene
A section of DNA which codes for a protein
154
Allele
Different form of the same gene (eg blue eyes)
155
Genotype
The alleles of an organism (bb, Bb, BB)
156
Phenotype
Physical appearance of a genotype
157
Homozygous
Two of the same alleles
158
Heterozygous
2 different alleles
159
Recessive allele
Only expressed if the dominant allele is not present
160
Dominant allele
Allele expressed even if only one is present
161
Meiosis
Used to make gametes (sex cells)
162
Mitosis
Used in growth and repair, cloning and asexual reproduction. Genetically identical offspring
163
4 stages of cell division
Pro phase Meta phase Anaphase Telophase
164
Species
Individuals which can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
165
Mutation
A rare random change to the DNA of an organism
166
Evolution
Many organisms which are alive today and many more which are now extinct first evolved from simple life forms which first evolved more than 3.2 billion year ago
167
Mechanism of natural selection
Variation due to mutation Individuals better adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce Alleles passed into offspring Repeats over many generations
168
Environment
The total non biological living components in an ecosystem (soil and water)
169
Habitar
Space where a specific organism lives
170
Producer
A plant which photosynthesis to produce food
171
Consumer
Animal which eats other animals or plants
172
Decomposer
Organism which breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients.
173
Parasite
An organism that lives another organism, feeding and causing harm.
174
Biotic factors
Living factors like competition for food, nesting sites or disease
175
Abiotic factors
Non living factors. Soil ph temp water daylight hours
176
Pyramids of number
Shows the number of each organism at a specific trophic level (stage in a good chain)
177
Biomass
Mass of living material
178
Why energy is lost from one trophic level to the next
``` Not all the plant is eaten Some parts are indigestible Sweat and urine Respiration Homeostasis ```
179
Carbon cycle
``` CO2 absorbed by green plants Used to make glucose and proteins Respiration Plants eaten by animals Respiration Animals and plants decomposed Respiration from decomposition Combustion fuels release CO2 as well ```
180
Greenhouse gasses
CO2, methane water vapour and nitrous oxides
181
Effects of greenhouse gases
``` Global warming Ice caps melt Sea levels rise Low lying land floods Loss of biodiversity Extreme weather Bird migration messed up ```
182
Acid rain
Damages trees Damages limestone Damages buildings Makes lakes too acidic
183
Pesticide
Chemical which kills pests Easy to use, readily available. Expensive, while to decompose, often kill animals that arent pests.
184
Biological crop control
Using animals to kill pests. Tend to reproduce. Jon toxic. Have been known to eat other things. Never fully eradicate the pests. Might disturb food chain. Slow process.
185
Biological control
Lady bugs
186
Anaerobic respiration in lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactose --> lactic acid
187
Fermenter
A vessel containing micro organisms that are involved in fermentation reactions
188
Suitable conditions within fermenter
``` Nutrients (to feed microorganisms) PH Air supply for aerobic respiration Temp Agitation ```
189
Insulin
Hormone that lowers our blood sugars after a meal
190
Recombinant plasmid
A plasmid that has been re combined and changed

Biology (3 decks)

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