Scientific Investigation Theory Chp 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is an Independent Variable
Is what an investigator changes
What is a Dependent Variable
Is what an investigator observes and measures
What is a Controlled Variable
Are what the investigator keeps constant (doesn’t change)
What does a Control Group provide in an experiment
Reduces the possibility of random factors effecting the results, shows that the experiment is working, provides a baseline result against which all other results can be compared
3R’s in relation to use of animals in schools
Replace: The use of animals in schools with other methods where possible
Reduce: The number of animals used
Refine: Techniques to reduce the impact on animals.
What is the definition of Accuracy when analysing data and measurements
Relates to how close it is to the “true value” of the quantity being measures.
What is the definition of Precision when analysing data and measurements
Refers to how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other
What is the definition of Repeatability when analysing data and measurements
The closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same quantity being measured, caried out under the same conditions of measurement. (e.g. location, observer, measuring instrument)
What is the definition of Reproducibility when analysing data and measurements
The closeness of the agreement between results of measurements of the same quantity being measured, carried out under changed conditions of measurement. (e.g. different location, different observer, different measuring instrument)
What is the definition of True Value when analysing data and measurements
The value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly
What is the definition of Validity when analysing data and measurements
A measure is said to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to be measuring.
An experiment is said to be valid if it investigates what it sets out and/or claims to investigate.
What is a Consequences-Based approach to Bioethics
Approach places central importance of the consequences of an action (the ends), with the aim to achieve maximisation of positive outcomes minimising negative ones.
What is a Duty or Rule-Based approach to Bioethics
Approach is concerned with how people act (the means) and places of central importance on the idea that people have a duty to act in a particular way, and/or that certain ethical rules must be followed, regardless of the consequences that may be produced. They have an obligation to act this way.
What is a Virtues-Based approach to Bioethics
Approach is person- rather that action-based. Consideration is given the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out the action, providing guidance about the characteristics and behaviours a good person would seek to achieve to then be able to act in the right way.
What is the ethical concept of Integrity
The commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and the honest reporting of all sources of information and communication of results, whether favourable or un-favourable, in ways that permit scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge and understanding.
What is the ethical concept of Beneficence
The commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action
What is the ethical concept of Non-maleficence
Involves avoiding the causations of harm. The harm resulting from any position or course of action should not be disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action.
What is the ethical concept of Respect
Involves consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/or instrument value; giving due to the welfare, liberty and autonomy, beliefs, perceptions, customs and cultural heritage
What is a Personal Error
Include mistakes or miscalculations
What is a Random Error
Effect the precision of the experiment, they are unpredictable variations in the measurement process and result in a spread of readings.
What is a Systematic Error
Effect the accuracy of the experiment, causing reading to differ from the true value by a consistent amount each time a measurement is made. All readings will be shifted in one direction from the true value.
What is an Uncertainty
The uncertainty of a result reflects the lack of knowledge of the value of the quantity being measured
What is an Outlier
Readings that lie a long way from other results
