Scientific Methodology, Techniques, and History

Question 1

techniques used for the investigation of phenomena

Answer 1

scientific method

Question 2

an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and accepted as true

Answer 2

fact

Question 3

a scientific statement that has some experimental validity or is only accurate under limited conditions

Answer 3

model

Question 4

an accepted hypothesis that explains “why” something occurs; valid only if no evidence exists to disprove. ex. theory of evolution

Answer 4

theory

Question 5

summarizes a body of observations; can explain and predict things but not why they happen; have uniformity; universal; ex. law of gravity

Answer 5

law

Question 6

the design of all information-gathering exercises where variation is present

Answer 6

experimental design

Question 7

(physics) general relativity and special relativity, photoelectric effect, mass-energy equivalence, theory of Brownian motion, Einstein field equations, Bose-Einstein statistics

Answer 7

Einstein

Question 8

(physics) famous for the model of the atomic structure where he introduced the theory of electrons traveling in orbits around the atom’s nucleus, the chemical properties of each element largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits of its atoms. Also introduced the idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, in the process releasing a photon of discrete energy- this because the basis for quantum theory

Answer 8

Niels Henrik David Bohr

Question 9

(physics and chemistry) known for radioactivity, polonium, radium. She was the only person to win nobel prize in two disciplines (physics and chemistry)

Answer 9

Marie Curie

Question 10

(genetics) known for discovering genetics. Studied heredity traits of plants and animals, esp. sheep. Made the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment - later becoming known as Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

Answer 10

Gregor Mendel

Question 11

(Naturalist) known for the Voyable of the Beagle, on the origin of species, evolution by natural selection, common descent. he established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that is branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection

Answer 11

Charles Darwin

Question 12

figured out the structure of DNA

Answer 12

Watson and Crick

Question 13

known for Newton mechanics, Universal Gravitation ,Infinitesimal Calculus, optics, binomial series, Newton’s method. 3 laws of motion, built the first practical reflecting telescope, studied prisms and speed of sound

Answer 13

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 14

known for heliocentrism, Copernicus law. First person to formulate a comprehensive helliocentric cosmology displacing the earth at the center of the universe. His heliocentric model of the universe put the sun at the center of the solar system and is often called the Copernicus revolution

Answer 14

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 15

known for kinetics, dynamics, telescopic observational astronomy, heliocentrism. His contribution to astronomy included making imporvements to the telescope, supported copernicism, confirmed the phases of venus, discovered four largest stellites of Jupiter (named Gallilean moons) and the observations and analysis of sunspots. Also improved the military compass

Answer 15

Galileo Galilei

Question 16

(Geology) known for plutonic geology, deep time. Made theories about rock formations. came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example moletn material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and the eroded sediments are washed away. he recognized that the history of Earth could be determined by understanding how processes such as erosion and sedimentation work in the present day. His ideas and approach to studying the Earth established geology as a proper science. Also discovered uniformitarianism (the belief that changes occur slowly over time, which allowed us to date fossils and rocks based on amount of decay)

Answer 16

James Hutton

Question 17

known for inventing the periodic table of elements. Predicted that properties of elements are yet to be discovered

Answer 17

Dmitri Madeleev

Question 18

known for atomic theory, law of multiple proportions, Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Daltonism (color blindness). he orally presented an important papers, entitled “Experimental Essays” on the constitution of mixed gases; on the pressure of steam and other vapors at different temperatures in a vacuum and in air; on evaporation; and on the thermal expansion of gases. These four essays were published in the Memoirs of the LIt & Phil in 1802

Answer 18

John Dalton

Question 19

structure of the DNA

Answer 19

double helix

Question 20

deoxyribonucleic acid: nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used int he devlopment and functioning of all known living organisms.

Answer 20

DNA

Question 21

DNA segments that care genetic information

Answer 21

genes

Question 22

animals, plants, fungi, and protists store most of DNA in cell nucleus and some in organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 22

eukaryotic organisms

Question 23

bacteria and archaea; store DNA only in cytoplasm

Answer 23

prokaryotes

Question 24

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

Answer 24

four bases found in DNA

Question 25

all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor

Answer 25

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Question 26

acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations. eliminates the inferior species gradually over time

Answer 26

Natural Selection

Question 27

particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of radiation. most common types are alpha, beta, gamma

Answer 27

radioactivity

Question 28

radiation from nuclear sources is distributed equally in all directions.

Answer 28

inverse square law

Question 29

basis building blocks of chemistry; matter is composed of this; made up of protons ,electrons and neutrons

Answer 29

atoms

Question 30

center of an atom: where you can find protons and neutrons. virtually all mass of an atom is concentrated here

Answer 30

nucleus

Question 31

found making orbitals around the nucleus of an atom, very low mass

Answer 31

electron

Question 32

large with no charge

Answer 32

neutron

Question 33

large with a positive charge

Answer 33

proton

Question 34

small with a negative charge

Answer 34

electron

Question 35

atom that carries an electrical charge

Answer 35

ion

Question 36

two atoms with different number of neutrons

Answer 36

isotopes

Question 37

protons and neutrons are collectively called

Answer 37

nucleons

Question 38

proton number= number of protons =

Answer 38

atomic number of the atom

Question 39

nucleon number = number of neutrons + number of protons=

Answer 39

mass number of the atom

Question 40

of electrons =

Answer 40

of protons

Question 41

every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

Answer 41

Newton's First Law of Motion

Question 42

The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration, a and the applied force, F is F=ma

Answer 42

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Question 43

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Answer 43

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Question 44

The theory that the Universe expanded from an extremely dense and hot state and continues to expand today. Explains the early development of the universe

Answer 44

Big Band Theory

Question 45

credited with coining the term Big Bang during 1949 radio broadcast

Answer 45

Fred Hoyle

Question 46

the closeness of a measurement to its true value

Answer 46

accuracy

Question 47

the degree to which repeated measurements show the same result

Answer 47

precision

Question 48

label that goes behind a numbered measurement ex. 1 ku = 1000 u

Answer 48

units

Question 49

all non-zero digits; ex. 91 = 2 significant figures

Answer 49

significant figures

Question 50

developed in late 1700s to standardize units of measurement in Europe. primary measurement system used through much of the world and in science. each type of measurement has a base unit to which prefixes are added to indicate multiples of ten.

Answer 50

The metric system

Question 51

an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure.

Answer 51

variable

Question 52

a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Fore example, someone's age might be this.

Answer 52

independent variable

Question 53

something that depends on other factors. For example, a test score

Answer 53

dependent variable

Question 54

degree to which information on a map or in a digital database matches true or accepted values. issue pertaining to the quality of data and the number of errors contained in a dataset or map.

Answer 54

accuracy

Question 55

level of measurment and exactness of description in a GIS database. Precise locational data may measure position to a fraction of a unit.

Answer 55

precision

Question 56

refers to the relative accuracy and precision of a particular GIS database

Answer 56

data quality

Question 57

encompasses both the imprecision of data and its inaccuracies

Answer 57

error

Question 58

substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction, or added to see if a reaction occurs.

Answer 58

reagent

Question 59

substance that is consumed in the course of a chemical reaction. used interchangeably with reagent

Answer 59

reactant

Question 60

chemical substances of sufficient purity for use in chemical analysis, chemical reactions, or physical testing.

Answer 60

reagent-grade

Question 61

equipment needed for a particular activity or purpose

Answer 61

apparatus

Question 62

anything that has mass and volume. all composed of atoms.

Answer 62

matter

Question 63

the amount of matter that makes up an object (constant)

Answer 63

mass

Question 64

the amount of space an object takes up

Answer 64

volume

Question 65

the measure of the force of gravity on the mass of an object (mass x gravity) measured in newtons

Answer 65

weight

Question 66

smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element

Answer 66

atom

Question 67

212 degrees F - 100 degrees C

Answer 67

boiling point of a liquid

Question 68

32 degrees F - 0 degrees C

Answer 68

freezing point of a liquid

Question 69

a change that may affect density, pressure, temperature, and/or other physical properties; does not alter the chemical formula

Answer 69

physical changes

Question 70

change that alters the chemical formula occurs on the molecular level

Answer 70

chemical change

Question 71

states that the total amount of energy in a closed system (a system in which no energy can escape or be introduced) remains constant over time; the energy may take various forms (kinetic, light, heat, etc.) but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 71

law of conservation of energy

Question 72

mass of a closed system will remain constant over time; mass cannot be created or destroyed; mass can be rearranged in space and altered to contain different particles

Answer 72

law of conservation of mass

Question 73

used to calculate electrical values so that we can design circuits and use electricity in a useful manner. I = V/R

Answer 73

Ohm's Law

Question 74

measure of how much thermal energy is transfered from one body to another

Answer 74

heat

Question 75

measure of average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance

Answer 75

temperature

Question 76

unit in which temperature is measured.

Answer 76

Kelvins

Question 77

another unit in which temperature is measured

Answer 77

degrees celsius

Question 78

unit in which heat is measured; the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsuis

Answer 78

calories

Question 79

when two objects of different temperatures come into contact, heat will flow from the hotter object to the colder one until both have the same temperature; heat lost by the hotter object = heat gained by the colder

Answer 79

thermal equilibrium

Question 80

amount of heat required to change the phase of a substance

Answer 80

latent heat of transformation

Question 81

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a certain mass of a given substance, constant

Answer 81

specific heat

Question 82

conduction, convection, radiation

Answer 82

methods of heat transfer

Question 83

transfer of heat by intermolecular collisions; molecules transfer their kinetic energy to each other

Answer 83

conduction

Question 84

involves the molecules themselves moving from one place to another; typically involves gases; ex. fan displacing hot air with cold air

Answer 84

convection

Question 85

takes place when the source of heat is some form of electromagnetic wave, such as a microwave or sunlight; the waves transfer heat; ex. microwave oven energize food particles with microwave radiation

Answer 85

radiation

Question 86

the internal energy of a system increase if heat is added to the system or if work is done on the system and decreases if the system gives off heat or does work; similar to the law of conservation of energy; the flow of heat is an anergy transfer

Answer 86

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 87

heat flows spontaneously from a hotter object to a colder one (ex. ice cream does not get colder) 2. no machine is 100% effective (ex. all machines generate heat and some of that is heat is always lost to its surroundings. 3. ordered systems are liable to fall into disorder (ex. salt and pepper can be mixed but not separated); disorder (aka entropy) is what gives time its direction

Answer 87

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 88

proposed a model in which the atom is composed of a tiny, dense, core of positively charged protons (which contains nearly all of the atom's mass) and a swirling ring of electrons

Answer 88

Rutherford Model

Question 89

model that says that electrons do not move freely within an atom. proposed a planetary model in which electrons orbit the nucleus in defined, spherical orbits called energy levels or electron shells. also hypothesized that electrons could move between these shells when energy is absorbed or emitted

Answer 89

Bohr Model

Question 90

modern atomic model that states that it is impossible to determine the precise location of an electron. Instead of moving within defined shells, electrons travel in diffuse clouds called orbitals. position of an electron is described using the quantum numbers n(principal energy level), l (shape of orbital), ml (relative orientation of the orbital) and ms (spin)

Answer 90

Quantum Mechanical Model

Question 91

configuration of electrons within an atom. can be determined by using the periodic table

Answer 91

electron configuration

Question 92

electrons which inhabit the outermost shell of an atom; can be determined by an element's periodic group notation; atoms with the same number of these electrons - and which are thus located in the same group- have similar chemical and physical properties

Answer 92

valence electrons

Question 93

atoms of the same element that contain different amounts of neutrons

Answer 93

isotopes

Question 94

atoms that have an unstable nucleus have this property

Answer 94

radioactivity

Question 95

alpha, beta, gamma

Answer 95

three types of radiation produced during radioactivity

Question 96

type of radiation when the nucleus emits a nucleus of helium

Answer 96

alpha

Question 97

type of radiation where the nucleus emits an electron

Answer 97

beta

Question 98

type of radiation where the nucleus emits very powerful electromagnetic radiation

Answer 98

gamma

Question 99

contains a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction

Answer 99

nuclear reactor

Question 100

scalar measure of the interval between two locations measured along the actual path connecting them

Answer 100

distance

Question 101

a quantity that is fully described by both magnitude and direction.

Answer 101

vector

Question 102

quantity is fully described by its magnitude

Answer 102

scalar

Question 103

rate of change of distance with time. must know how far its gone and how long it took to get there.

Answer 103

speed

Question 104

rate of change of velocity with time . any change in velocity results in this. (increasing or decreasing speed, or changing direction)

Answer 104

acceleration

Question 105

something different people will say different things about the motion of the same object

Answer 105

relative motion

Question 106

anything that you see, watch, or measure from where you are at will be compared to the reference point of the ground. If I am standing on that ground that is your...

Answer 106

frame of reference

Question 107

an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity

Answer 107

free fall

Question 108

exists because air molecules collide into a falling body creating an upward force opposite gravity, eventually balancing the falling body's weight

Answer 108

air resistance

Question 109

continue to fall at constant velocity

Answer 109

terminal velocity

Question 110

an object upon which gravity is the only force. can be dropped, thrown up and allowed to fall, or thrown up at an angle and allowed to fall

Answer 110

projectile motion

Question 111

motion of an object in a circle with a constant or uniform speed.

Answer 111

uniform circular motion

Question 112

number of cycles per unit of time

Answer 112

frequency

Question 113

traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices

Answer 113

revolutions per minute

Question 114

describes the time it take for the object to make one full rotation

Answer 114

period

Question 115

a string or stick with a weight or bob on the end. follow the law of falling objects (invisible force, gravity, pulls the pendulum toward Earth.

Answer 115

pendulum

Question 116

three variables that affect the period of a pendulum

Answer 116

length of pendulum, size of the arc it makes, and the mass of the bob

Question 117

a vector quantity (more precisely - a pseudovector) which specifies the angular speed of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating. Represented by the symbol omega

Answer 117

angular velocity

Question 118

SI unit of angular velocity

Answer 118

radians per second

Question 119

direction of the angular velocity is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction

Answer 119

right-hand rule

Question 120

force that makes a body follow a curved path: it is always directed orthogonal to the velocity of the body, toward instantaneous center of curvature of the path.

Answer 120

centripetal force

Question 121

push or pull exerted on an object

Answer 121

force

Question 122

measure of how much matter is in an object

Answer 122

mass

Question 123

how an object's velocity changes over time

Answer 123

acceleration

Question 124

similar to speed, the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time

Answer 124

velocity

Question 125

tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion

Answer 125

intertia

Question 126

characteristic of a moving body, determined by the product of the body's mass and velocity.

Answer 126

momentum

Question 127

the official unit of force. one of these is equivalent to 1 kilogram- meter per second squared

Answer 127

newton

Question 128

when this force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the direction of this force

Answer 128

net force

Question 129

force that holds back the movement of a sliding object. acts in the opposite direction of the way an object wants to slide

Answer 129

friction

Question 130

energy of motion. an object that has motion (whether it is vertical or horizontal) it has this energy

Answer 130

kinetic energy

Question 131

form of kinetic energy. - the energy due to vibrational motion

Answer 131

vibrational

Question 132

form of kinetic energy - the energy due to rotational motion

Answer 132

rotational energy

Question 133

form of kinetic energy - energy due to motion from one location to another

Answer 133

translational energy

Question 134

the change in kinetic energy of the object

Answer 134

work done on an object

Question 135

relationship between kinetic energy and work

Answer 135

work-energy theorem

Question 136

Work= force x distance

Answer 136

formula for calculating work

Question 137

measure of how much a force acting on an object to rotate

Answer 137

torque

Question 138

the axis that an object rotates about

Answer 138

pivot point

Question 139

distance from the pivot point to where the force acts

Answer 139

moment arm

Question 140

ratio of existing weight or load to the acting force; or, the ratio of the distance through which the force is exerted to the distance the weight is raised.

Answer 140

mechanical advantage

Question 141

acting force times the distance it moves equals the work put into the machine

Answer 141

input force

Question 142

the resisting weight times the distance it moves equals the work accomplished by the machine.

Answer 142

output force

Question 143

measure of an object's translational motion. product of the object's mass times its velocity

Answer 143

linear momentum

Question 144

ability to do work

Answer 144

energy

Question 145

the effect of moving molecules within matter; increased motion = increased heat; most easily dissipated form of energy

Answer 145

heat

Question 146

caused by the motion of light waves

Answer 146

light

Question 147

caused by the motion of sound waves; easily lost

Answer 147

sound

Question 148

the effect of moving electrical charged from on point to another within a conductor

Answer 148

electrical

Question 149

energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold atoms and ions together

Answer 149

chemical

Question 150

energy stored in the nucleus of an atom; released when nuclei are split apart (fission) or combined (fusion)

Answer 150

nuclear

Question 151

sum of kinetic and potential energy present in a mechanical system

Answer 151

mechanical

Question 152

the energy matter possesses due to motion

Answer 152

kinetic

Question 153

the energy matter possesses due to its position or shape

Answer 153

potential

Question 154

process of changing energy from one form to another

Answer 154

energy transformation

Question 155

collision where there is no loss of kinetic energy in the collision

Answer 155

perfectly elastic collision

Question 156

collision where some of the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy and other forms of energy

Answer 156

macroscopic collision

Question 157

every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Answer 157

Newton's law of universal gravitation

Question 158

laws of planetary motion were created by:

Answer 158

Johannes Kepler

Question 159

the path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus (The Law of Elipses)

Answer 159

Kepler's first law of planetary motion

Question 160

an imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time (The Law of Equal Areas)

Answer 160

Kepler's second law of planetary motion

Question 161

the ratio of the square of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun (The Law of Harmonies)

Answer 161

Kepler's third law of planetary motion