Scientific Principles & Process Flashcards
Scientific knowledge ca be thought of as…
The current best explanation which may be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence
What is the scientific cycle?
A series of steps biologists use to investigate phenomena
Steps of scientific cycle
Observation
Hypothesis
Experimental design
Gathering, recording and analysis of data
Evaluation of results
Conclusion
Formation of revised hypothesis if necessary
What is a null hypothesis?
A statement which proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experimental treatment
When is the null hypothesis rejected?
If there is evidence for an effect unlikely due to chance
Failure to find an effect (negative result) is a valid finding if…
Experiment is well-designed
Conflicting data/conclusions can be resolved through…
Careful evaluation or leads to further experimentation
Effects must be…
Reproducible, one-off results are treated with caution
Methods of sharing original scientific findings
Seminars
Talks and posters at conferences
Publishing in academic journals
Why is it important that methods, data, analysis and conclusions are published in scientific reports?
So that others can repeat an experiment
What are ethics?
Rules for distinguishing between right and wrong
Why are integrity and honesty of key importance in science?
Because judgements and interpretations of scientific evidence may be disputed
Effect of replication of experiments by others
Reduces the opportunity for dishonesty the deliberate misuse of science
Why do many biological studies use animal experimentation?
Because of the complex and interdependent nature of different cells and systems which cannot always be modelled outside the body
Scientists have a duty to avoid/minimise harm to animals so must adhere to principles of…
Replacement- replacing the animal with an alternative such as tissue cultures or less sensitive species
Reduction- using the minimum number of animals in order to obtain robust results
Refinement- using methods that minimise potential pain, suffering or distress for the animals
