Scrotum

Question 1

What is the scrotum?

Answer 1

Outpouching of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 2

How does the scrotum maintain a temperature below body temperature?

Answer 2

By radiating heat by its thin skin and lack of fat

Question 3

What three things does the scrotum contain?

Answer 3

Testes, epididymis, lower part of the spermatic cord

Question 4

What is the function of the dartos (smooth) muscle?

Answer 4

Autonomic control of temperature regulation

Question 5

The dartos muscle derives from what layer of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 5

Subcutaneous tissue, superficial and deep fascia

Question 6

The tunica vaginalis is a derivation of what layer of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 6

Peritoneum

Question 7

Which layer of the tunica vaginalis is superficial and lies internal to the internal spermatic fascia?

Answer 7

Parietal layer

Question 8

Which layer of the tunica vaginalis is deep and is firmly adherent to the testis and epididymis?

Answer 8

Visceral layer

Question 9

What is a hydrocele?

Answer 9

Accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis cavity

Question 10

The testis have what two types of functioning?

Answer 10

Gametogenic and endocrine

Question 11

What are the two specific functions of the testes?

Answer 11

Production of spermatozoa and secretion of androgens

Question 12

What is the fibrous outer covering of the testis called?

Answer 12

Tunica albuginea

Question 13

Where is the tunica albuginea located?

Answer 13

Deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis which is the deepest layer of the scrotum

Question 14

What are the numerous wedge shaped portions of the testis called?

Answer 14

Lobules

Question 15

What is the fibrous compartment in the posterior part of the testis where the septa converge?

Answer 15

Mediastinum testis

Question 16

What are the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 16

Functional, sperm producing portion of the testis

Question 17

Each lobule contains about how many seminiferous tubules?

Answer 17

2-3

Question 18

What is the rete testis?

Answer 18

An elaborate network of canals located within the mediastinum testis into which the straight tubules empty

Question 19

What are the efferent ductules?

Answer 19

Ducts which connect the rete testis to the head of the epididymis

Question 20

What is the epididymis?

Answer 20

A C-shaped structured attached to the superior and posterior aspect of the testis

Question 21

What is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 21

To store sperm until they mature

Question 22

What part of the epididymis is connected to the superior surface of the testis by the efferent ductules?

Answer 22

Head

Question 23

What part of the epididymis is located along the posterior surface of the testis?

Answer 23

Body

Question 24

What part of the epididymis ends in the ductus deferens?

Answer 24

Tail

Question 25

Where is the first place that testicular cancer spreads?

Answer 25

Abdomen

Question 26

Where does lymph from the testis drain?

Answer 26

Into the lumbar nodes

Question 27

Where does lymph from the scrotum drain?

Answer 27

Into the superficial inguinal nodes

Question 28

Where do the testes originally develop?

Answer 28

In the lumbar region inside the abdominal cavity

Question 29

When do the testes usually descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum?

Answer 29

Just before birth

Question 30

What is the name of the ligament present in the fetus which connects the testis to the scrotum?

Answer 30

Gubernaculum testis

Question 31

What is the function of the gubernaculum testis?

Answer 31

Contracts to pull the testis downward and through the inguinal canal during its descent

Question 32

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 32

The absence of one or both testes from the scrotum at birth due to lack of descent from the abdomen

Question 33

The testes are undescended at birth in what percent of full term infants?

Answer 33

3%

Question 34

The testes are undescended at birth in what percent of premature infants?

Answer 34

30%

Question 35

What is the link between undescended testes and cancer?

Answer 35

Greater risk of cancer

Question 36

Is cryptorchidism typically bilateral or unilateral?

Answer 36

Unilateral

Question 37

Where are undescended testes most commonly found?

Answer 37

In the inguinal canal

Question 38

When do most initially undescended testes finally make their descent?

Answer 38

In the first weeks or months after birth

Question 39

What are the results of testes that never descend?

Answer 39

Infertility (but unimpaired androgen secretion)

Question 40

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

Answer 40

Testosterone

Question 41

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 41

Smooth membrane which lines the abdominal cavity

Question 42

Which part of the peritoneum lines the abdominal walls?

Answer 42

Parietal peritoneum

Question 43

Which part of the peritoneum covers the abdominal organs?

Answer 43

Visceral peritoneum

Question 44

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 44

A potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Question 45

What should be the only thing found in the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 45

Small film of serous fluid

Question 46

In which gender is the peritoneal cavity a completely closed sac?

Answer 46

Male

Question 47

What structure in females allows communication between the peritoneal cavity and the exterior?

Answer 47

Uterine tubes

Question 48

Infections of the vagina can spread to the peritoneal cavity via what route?

Answer 48

Uterine tubes

Question 49

How can potency of the uterine tubes be tested?

Answer 49

Dye is introduced into the uterus and usually enters the uterine tubes then the peritoneal cavity. If it does not, there is an obstruction.

Question 50

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

Answer 50

Minimize friction between organs, resist infection, fat storage

Question 51

Retroperitoneal organs are covered by peritoneum only on what surface?

Answer 51

Anterior

Question 52

What is ascites?

Answer 52

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 53

What are examples of retroperitoneal structures?

Answer 53

Aorta, inferior vena cava, kidney

Question 54

What are examples of partially retroperitoneal structures?

Answer 54

Duodenum, pancreas

Question 55

When ascites is present, there is an imbalance of what two things?

Answer 55

Absorption and fluid production

Question 56

In a healthy person, the peritoneum has what characteristic in regards to fluid?

Answer 56

Highly absorbent

Question 57

The peritoneal cavity is used for what two medical procedures/situations?

Answer 57

Rabies vaccine, kidney dialysis

Question 58

What are the causes of ascites?

Answer 58

Malnutrition, congestive heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, peritonitis

Question 59

What is peritonitis?

Answer 59

Inflammation of the peritoneum, usually from infection

Question 60

What are the cases of peritonitis?

Answer 60

Trauma, inflammatory bowl disease (ruptured appendix), vaginal infections, perforated ulcers

Question 61

What usually occurs with peritonitis?

Answer 61

Adhesions between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Question 62

What can also cause adhesions between the layers of the peritoneum and lead to bowl obstruction?

Answer 62

Abdominal surgery

Question 63

What is the innervation of the parietal layer of the peritoneum?

Answer 63

Phrenic, intercostal, subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Question 64

Which layer of the peritoneum is very sensitive to pain?

Answer 64

Parietal layer

Question 65

Which layer of the peritoneum is insensitive to pain?

Answer 65

Visceral layer

Question 66

What is the innervation of the visceral layer of the peritoneum?

Answer 66

Autonomic nerves which travel within the organs it invests

Question 67

What is an omentum?

Answer 67

Broad, apron-like reflection of peritoneum

Question 68

The greater omentum hangs from which part of the stomach?

Answer 68

Greater curvature

Question 69

The greater omentum reflects posteriorly to attach to what structures?

Answer 69

Transverse colon and transverse mesocolon

Question 70

The gastrophrenic ligament is between what structures?

Answer 70

Greater curvature of the stomach and diaphragm

Question 71

The gastrosphenic ligament is between what structures?

Answer 71

Greater curvature of the stomach and spleen

Question 72

The gastrocolic ligament is between what structures?

Answer 72

Greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon

Question 73

What is the largest part of the greater omentum?

Answer 73

Gastrocolic ligament

Question 74

What are the three parts of the greater omentum?

Answer 74

Gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and gastrocolic ligaments

Question 75

What nickname does the greater omentum have and why?

Answer 75

"Abdominal policeman" because it is mobile and adheres to areas of inflammation by wrapping itself around inflamed organs preventing the spread of infection

Question 76

The lesser omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that extends from what structures?

Answer 76

Porta hepatis of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum

Question 77

What are the two parts of the lesser omentum?

Answer 77

Hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 78

The hepatogastric ligament is between what structures?

Answer 78

Liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 79

The hepatoduodenal ligament is between what structures?

Answer 79

Liver and the duodenum

Question 80

Which segments of the small intestine are mobile and therefore most likely involved in inguinal hernia?

Answer 80

Jejunum and ileum

Question 81

What is the general meaning of mesentery?

Answer 81

Any double layer of peritoneum which connects a portion of intestine to the body wall

Question 82

What is the specific meaning of mesentery?

Answer 82

The double layer of peritoneum which connects the jejunum and ileum to the body wall (AKA mesentery proper)

Question 83

What does the transverse mesocolon do?

Answer 83

Connects the transverse colon to the posterior body wall

Question 84

What does the sigmoid mesocolon do?

Answer 84

Connects the sigmoid colon to the pelvic wall

Question 85

What does the mess appendix do?

Answer 85

Connects the appendix to the mesentery of the ileum

Question 86

Which ligament suspends the left colic flexure in a superior position?

Answer 86

Phrenicocolic ligament

Question 87

What does the phrenicocolic attach?

Answer 87

Left colic flexure to the diaphragm, below the spleen

Question 88

What is the omental bursa (lesser sac)

Answer 88

Irregularly shaped space which lies posterior to the liver, lesser omentum, and stomach

Question 89

What is the greater sac?

Answer 89

Space extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor and across the entire breadth of the abdominal cavity

Question 90

What subdivision of the greater sac is located below the diaphragm and above the liver, to the right of the falciform ligament?

Answer 90

Right subphrenic space (recess)

Question 91

What subdivision of the greater sac is located below the diaphragm and above the liver, to the left of the falciform ligament?

Answer 91

Left subphrenic space (recess)

Question 92

What subdivision of the greater sac is between the liver and the transverse colon?

Answer 92

Subhepatic space (recess)

Question 93

What is the posterosuperior extension of the sub hepatic space between the liver and right kidney?

Answer 93

Hepatorenal recess

Question 94

What subdivision of the greater sac is a longitudinal depression lateral to the ascending colon?

Answer 94

Right paracolic gutter

Question 95

What subdivision of the greater sac is a longitudinal depression lateral to the descending colon?

Answer 95

Left paracolic gutter

Question 96

Why are the subdivisions of the greater sac important?

Answer 96

They channel and compartmentalize peritoneal fluid and infectious processes

Question 97

What is another name for the omental foramen?

Answer 97

Epiploic foramen

Question 98

What is the superior boundary of the omental foramen?

Answer 98

Liver

Question 99

What is the inferior boundary of the omental foramen?

Answer 99

First part of the duodenum

Question 100

What is the anterior boundary of the omental foramen?

Answer 100

Free edge of the lesser omentum

Question 101

What is the posterior boundary of the omental foramen?

Answer 101

Peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava

Question 102

What structures pass through the porta hepatis and are surrounded by the lesser omentum?

Answer 102

Bile duct (to the right), hepatic artery proper (to the left), and the portal vein (behind)