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Physiology I > SCT II - Respiration > Flashcards

SCT II - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate the physiologic dead-space?

A

Anatomical dead space + non-perfused alveoli

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2
Q

Name the function, receptor, mediator and agonist of sympathetic innervation in respiratory physiology

A

Function: bronchodilation
Receptor: β2-Receptor
Mediator: Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Agonist/Initiator: Isoproterenol

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3
Q

Name the function, receptor, mediator, and antagonist of parasympathetic innervation in respiratory physiology

A

Function: bronchoconstriction
Receptor: mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor)
Mediator: Acetylcholine
Antagonist: Atropin

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4
Q

How can you treat asthma bronchiale?

A

Administration of isoproterenol - agonist of sympathetic bronchodilation

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5
Q

What is the relationship of volume and pressure

A

Volume ~ 1/Pressure

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6
Q

How are the somatomotor fibers of the respiratory muscles controlled?

A

Receptor: nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor)
Antagonist: curare (muscle relaxants)

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7
Q

What is TV in respiratory physiology?

A

Tidal Volume
Volume of air breathed during relaxed breathing pattern

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8
Q

What is IRV in respiratory physiology?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Maximum volume of air you can inhale with a deep breathe

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9
Q

What is ERV in respiratory physiology?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume
Maximum volume of air you can exhale with a deep sigh

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10
Q

What is IC in respiratory physiology and how can you calculate it?

A

Inspiratory Capacity
Total volume of air inhaled with a deep breathe and normal breathing

IC = TV + IRV

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11
Q

What is RV in respiratory physiology?

A

Residual Volume
Volume of air that will always be in the lungs despite exhalation

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12
Q

What is FRC in respiratory physiology and how can you calculate it?

A

Functional Residual Capacity
Volume of air left in the lung after normal breathing pattern’s exhalation

FRC = ERV + RV

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13
Q

What is VC in respiratory physiology?

A

Vital Capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a deep inhalation

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14
Q

What is TLC in respiratory physiology?

A

Total Lung Capacity
Total volume of air in the lung entirely

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15
Q

What happens in the case of dead space?

A

Ventilation is present
Perfusion is absent

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16
Q

What type of pressure is intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative, drawing air in - acting as a vaccum

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17
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure in the intrapleural space

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18
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure in the lung

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19
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Intrapulmonary - intrapleural

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20
Q

How does the surfactant function?

A

Separates the water molecules

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21
Q

LaPlace Law

A

Pressure = Tension/Radius

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22
Q

What happens at FRC+1L?

A

Inspiration

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23
Q

What happens at RV?

A

Exhalation

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24
Q

What happens exactly at FRC?

A

Transition point between inspiration & expiration - equilibrium between chest and lungs

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25
What happens to the pressure during inspiration?
Volume increases Pressure decreases, later increasing
26
What happens to the pressure during exhalation?
Volume decreases Pressure increases, later decreasing
27
What is PEF in respiratory physiology?
**Peak Expiratory Flow** Fastest the air moves during expiration
28
What is PIF in respiratory physiology?
**Peak Inspiratory Flow** Fastest the air moves during inspiration
29
What is FEV in respiratory physiology?
**Forced Expiratory Volume (1-2-3)** Volume of air exhaled every second for three seconds, used to measure respiratory rate
30
How do you calculate the Tiffenau index?
FEV1/VC > 80% = Healthy < 80% = Obstruction
31
How do you calculate pulmonary/minute ventillation?
Respiratory Rate * TV Respiratory Rate is the amount of breaths you're taking It is the rate at which air enters/leaves the lungs
32
How do you calculate compliance?
Compliance = ΔVolume/ΔPressure
33
Equation of Laminar Flow
Resistance = 8Ln/πr^4 L - Length ƞ - Viscosity r - Radius
34
What is Reynolds Number and how do you calculate it?
Re = Density x Velocity x Diameter / Viscosity Determines whether flow is turbulent or laminar - Reducing diameter, increase velocity two-folds - Low Re = Laminar - High Re = Turbulent
34
Where can you find the highest resistance in the respiratory system?
Main bronchi
35
What happens in bronchoconstriction?
Low Radius, high resistance
35
What is the relationship between velocity and surface area?
Velocity ~ 1/Surface Area
36
What happens in bronchodilation?
High radius, low resistance
37
What happens when respiratory rate is increased when it comes to lung elasticity?
Respiratory rate increases (+) Tidal volume decreases (-), as lung is unable to catch up with rate Lung stretch decreases (-) Less work is done (-)
38
What happens when respiratory rate is increases when it comes to air flow?
Respiratory rate increases (+) Velocity of air increases (+) Resistance increases (+)
39
What stimulates ventillation?
Low O2 levels High CO2 levels
40
Equation of diffusion in the lungs
Diffusion = Diffusion Constant x Area x ΔPressure / ΔThickness (Length) of Barrier
41
Explain the two types of gas transport
**Perfusion Limited**: depends on the blood flow (N2O, CO2, O2) **Diffusion Limited**: rate of diffusion is constant (O2)
42
How is CO2 transported around in the body?
As Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
43
Name the factors that may make hemoglobin want to hog O2 (high affinity for O2)
- Fetal hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Alkalosis - Low CO2 - Low Temp
43
Name the factors that may make hemoglobin want to give O2 to tissue (low affinity for O2)
- Acidosis - High CO2 - High Temp - 2,3-BPG
44
What is the Hamburger effect?
Replacing bicarbonate with chloride in hemoglobin
45
What is the Bohr effect?
CO2 displaces O2 in the hemoglobin of tissues
46
What is the Haldane effect?
O2 displaces CO2 in the hemoglobin in the lungs
47
What happens to solubility when pressure is increased?
Pressure increases, solubility increases
48
What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?
- Hypoxia (low O2) - Hypercapnia (high CO2) - Acidosis (low pH)
49
What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to?
- Hypercapnia - Acidosis Not hypoxia due to blood-brain barrier
50
What happens when central and peripheral chemoreceptors are activated?
- Activates cardiovascular reflexes, increase MAP (mean arterial pressure) - Pressor reflex - Stimulates ventilation
51
What happens to the neurons during forced breathing?
**INSPIRATION** Inspiratory neurons are active Expiratory neurons are INHIBITED **EXPIRATION** Inspiratory neurons are INHIBITED Expiratory neurons are active
52
How is heart rate related to respiration?
HR increases during inspiration HR decreases during expiration
53
Which receptors are responsible for controlling heart rate during respiration?
Slow Adapting Stretch Receptors (SARs)
54
What is the pathway of increasing heart rate during inspiration?
Inspiration → Stretch → Afferent Vagal Discharge **INCREASE** → Medullary Cardiovascular Center → Parasympathetic Activity **DECREASES** + Sympathetic Activity **INCREASES** → Heart rate **INCREASES** - Afferent Vagal Discharge - Medullary CV - Parasym. **DOWN** - Sym. **UP** - HR **UP**
55
Which receptor is responsible for respiratory sinus arrhythmia?
SARs - Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptors
56
What does the Hering-Breuer reflex do?
Prevents the over-inflation of the lungs
57
Write the pathway of the Hering-Breuer reflex
Over-inflated lungs → Stimulates SARs → Afferent Vagal Activity **INCREASES** → Respiratory Centers → Terminate inspiration, Bronchodilation - Lung full - SARs - Afferent Vagal Activity **UP** - Terminate inspiration, bronchodilation
58
Which receptors are responsible for coughing and sneezing?
Rapidly Adapting Stretch Receptors (RARs)
59
Write the pathway of the RARs
Irritant substance → stimulation of RAR → CN X (Bronchi), CN IX (Larynx), CN V (Nose) → Respiratory Center → Coughing/Sneezing + Bronchoconstriction
60
What is the function of Pulmonary & Bronchial C-Fibers?
Products of inflammation, respond via increasing mucus & bronchoconstriction
61
How is temperature related to respiratory rate?
Temperature increases respiratory rate

Physiology I (16 decks)

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