second

Question 1

What is S1 in heart auscultation?

Answer 1

S1 occurs when the ventricles contract.

Question 2

What is SYSTOLE?

Answer 2

SYSTOLE is the phase when the ventricles contract.

Question 3

What is DIASTOLE?

Answer 3

DIASTOLE is the phase when the ventricles rest.

Question 4

What are the murmurs associated with semi-open valves?

Answer 4

Aortic & Pulmonic stenosis.

Question 5

What are the murmurs associated with semi-shut valves?

Answer 5

Aortic & Pulmonic regurgitation.

Question 6

What are the murmurs associated with AV shut valves?

Answer 6

Mitral & Tricuspid regurgitation.

Question 7

What are the murmurs associated with AV open valves?

Answer 7

Mitral & Tricuspid stenosis.

Question 8

What does regurgitation indicate?

Answer 8

Regurgitation indicates insufficient function, also known as prolapse or incompetence.

Question 9

What does stenosis indicate?

Answer 9

Stenosis indicates a narrowing of the valve.

Question 10

What is the pitch of the bell used in auscultation?

Answer 10

The bell is used for low pitch sounds, typically associated with stenosis.

Question 11

What is the pitch of the diaphragm used in auscultation?

Answer 11

The diaphragm is used for high pitch sounds, typically associated with regurgitation.

Question 12

What is the special maneuver for mitral auscultation?

Answer 12

Patient expires in the left mid-clavicular line at the 5th intercostal space.

Question 13

What is the special maneuver for aortic auscultation?

Answer 13

Patient expires at the 2nd intercostal space on the right.

Question 14

What is physiological splitting of S2?

Answer 14

Physiological splitting of S2 occurs during inspiration and is normal in children and athletes.

Question 15

What causes pathological splitting of S2?

Answer 15

Pathological splitting of S2 is caused by hypertension.

Question 16

What does S3 indicate?

Answer 16

S3 is low pitched, heard near the xiphoid, and is associated with AV regurgitation.

Physiological under 40, often heard in children and late trimester pregnancy; pathological over 40, called ventricular gallop.

Question 17

What does S4 indicate?

Answer 17

S4 is known as arterial gallop, heard at the apex, and is associated with pulmonic stenosis & pulmonary hypertension.

Always pathological.

Question 18

What is a Stills murmur?

Answer 18

A Stills murmur is an ‘innocent’ murmur heard in children.

Question 19

What is a machinery murmur?

Answer 19

A machinery murmur is associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), a persistent opening between two major blood vessels exiting the heart after birth.

Question 20

What are the rules for valve murmurs?

Answer 20

1. Location (APET - M) 2. Timing (systole, diastole, pan, mid) 3. Description (eject, click, inhale, exhale, high, low) 4. ARMS & PRTS for diastolic murmurs.

Question 21

What is a midsystolic murmur?

Answer 21

A midsystolic murmur is associated with semilunar stenosis.

Question 22

What is a pansystolic murmur?

Answer 22

A pansystolic murmur is associated with AV regurgitation, meaning it occurs throughout systole.

Question 23

What is an ejection murmur?

Answer 23

An ejection murmur is usually systolic and occurs during valve opening, associated with semilunar stenosis.

Question 24

What is a click in auscultation?

Answer 24

A click is a late systolic sound associated with valve shutting, particularly mitral prolapse.

Question 25

What is an opening snap?

Answer 25

An opening snap is a very early diastolic sound associated with mitral stenosis, high pitched, and not affected by respiration.

Question 26

What is atrial flutter or fibrillation associated with?

Answer 26

Atrial flutter or fibrillation has a strong association with clot formation, increasing stroke potential.

Question 27

What is the primary sign of heart failure?

Answer 27

The primary sign of heart failure is fatigue.

Question 28

What causes right-sided heart failure?

Answer 28

Right-sided heart failure is caused by pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right ventricular failure.

Question 29

What causes left-sided heart failure?

Answer 29

Left-sided heart failure is caused by systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and left ventricular failure.

Question 30

What are the results of left-sided heart failure?

Answer 30

Results include edema, portal hypertension, jugular distension, and varices.

Question 31

What are the results of right-sided heart failure?

Answer 31

Results include pulmonary edema & effusion, inspiratory & expiratory crackles, nocturnal dyspnea, and pink & frothy sputum.

Question 32

What is cardiac output?

Answer 32

Cardiac output is one minute of ventricle output.

Question 33

What is stroke volume?

Answer 33

Stroke volume is one beat of ventricle output.

Question 34

What is a cuff sound?

Answer 34

A cuff sound, also known as Korotkoff sound, can indicate cuff problems leading to high readings.

Question 35

What is an auscultatory gap?

Answer 35

An auscultatory gap usually indicates hypertension.

Question 36

What do bruit and thrills indicate?

Answer 36

Bruit (listen) and thrills (feel) indicate turbulence.

Question 37

What is pericarditis?

Answer 37

Pericarditis is inflammation around the heart, with a rub present at the 4th intercostal space.

Question 38

What is endocarditis?

Answer 38

Endocarditis is an infection of the heart muscle itself, most often caused by Strep.

Question 39

What are the cardiac enzymes for necrosis/infarct?

Answer 39

1. Troponin 2. CK - MB (CPK) 3. SGOT / AST 4. LDH

Question 40

What is the time frame for troponin elevation?

Answer 40

Troponin elevates within 1 hour.

Question 41

What is the time frame for CK - MB elevation?

Answer 41

CK - MB elevates within 2 to 3 hours.

Question 42

What is the time frame for SGOT / AST elevation?

Answer 42

SGOT / AST elevates within 2 to 3 days.

Question 43

What does EKG (ECG) evaluate?

Answer 43

EKG evaluates heart rhythms, including MI and arrhythmias.

Question 44

What does an echocardiogram evaluate?

Answer 44

An echocardiogram evaluates chamber size and fluid, including murmurs, CHF, and carditis.