Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Zoology 242 > Second Deck > Flashcards

Second Deck Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Neurohemal Organs

A

organ consisting of neurosecretory neuronal terminals and the capillary vessels that the nuerosecretory hormones are released into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurohemal Organs

A

organ consisting of neurosecretory neuronal terminals and the capillary vessels that the nuerosecretory hormones are released into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell chords and Sinusoids

A

endocrine cells in rows (chord)

Blood capillary or sinus spaces are in between rows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Follicles

A

endocrine cells arranged as hollow ball structure
capillaries are usually on the outer surface of follicle
secretion is to the blood capillary on outer surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diffused

A

no definite structural concentration of endocrine secretory cells
located in a diffused manner throughout tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pheromones

A

intraspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

allelomones

A

interspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

allomones

A

benefit releaser, interspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

kairomones

A

benefit recipient, interspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eicosanoids

A

phospholipid metabolites, usually metabolic products of arachidonic acid (prostaglandin, prostacyclins, thromboxanes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Terpene derivatives

A

juvenille hormone of invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DI-Tyr + DI-Tyr

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MI-Tyr + DI-Tyr

A

T3 or rT3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MI-Tyr + MI-Tyr

A

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MI-Tyr + Tyr

A

T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DI-Tyr + Tyr

A

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

foregut fermenters

A

cows sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

midgut fermenters

A

herbivorous fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

horses, rabbits, elephants

all have longer cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Micelle

A

single layer fatty acids, monoglycerides, glycerol, and bile salts, with hydrophillic heads outside and hydrophobic tails inside.
can easily pass through microvilli membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ghrelin

A 
orexigenic hormone (hunger related)
stomach is major source of ghrelin in blood. can be entrained by regular feeding schedule. can act on brain and locally to stimulate gastric acid release. stimulates pit GH secretion which in turn inhibits ghrelin release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Leptin

A

anorexigenic hormone - produced from adipocytes, reduces hunger and increases satiation. can be released by stomach into blood after feeding. can also act locally to decrease stomach acid secretion after feeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 types of pathogens

A

virus
bacteria
fungus
parasite (water borne usually)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 Branches of the immune system

A

Innate

Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Glycoprotein example
LH and FSH (both alpha and beta subunits)
26
Short peptide example
ACTH
27
Complex peptide example
Insulin
28
Modified amino acid example
Thyroid hormones
29
Steroid example
Testosterone, cortisone
30
Catchecholamines are
Modified amino acids Example Epinephrine and norepinephrine
31
Cytogenous
Whole cell released (sperm)
32
Sweet taste
PLC + gustductin
33
Sour taste
H+ ionotropic
34
Umami
PLC
35
Salty
Na+ ionotropic ENaC
36
Bitter
PLC
37
Bitter
PLC
38
Neural signalling
stimulate > neuron > target (pain reflex)
39
Endocrine signalling
stimulate > endocrine cell > blood stream > target (PTH for calcium regulation in blood)
40
Cytocrine signalling
stimulate > endocrine cell > Extra Cellular Fluid > target (histamine)
41
First order Neuroendocrine signalling
Stimulate > neuron > bloodstream > target (oxytocin - mammary glands)
42
Second order Neuroendocrine signalling
stimulate > neuron > endocrine cell > bloodstream > target | GnRH - seasonal reproduction
43
Inverse Neuroendocrine signalling
stimulate > endocrine cells > bloodstream > cross blood brain barrier > neurons (target) (gonodal steroids)
44
Example of endocrine controlling endocrine
hypothalamus releases TRH to pituitary, which releases TSH to thyroid
45
Example of endocrine controlling exocrine
G cell releases gastrin into blood stream, which then acts on chief cell to increase pepsinogen production into stomach
46
Example of exocrine controlling endocrine
chief cell releasing pepsinogen into the stomach, which turns to pepsin, which breaks down protein to amino acid that can activate the G cell to produce gastrin into the blood stream
47
Example of endocrine controlling cytocrine
G cell producing Gastrin into the blood stream, which goes to the mast cell, which releases histamine
48
cytocrine control of exocrine
Histamine released from Mast cell, which goes to pareital cell which releases acid (cytocrine key is that it goes to extracellular fluid)
49
Periosteum
membrane that covers bone
50
Compact
Hard bone
51
Hematopoiesis
formation and differentiation of blood cells (hematopoietic stem cells are constantly renewing throughout your life)
52
Neutrophil granule function
directly damages pathogens vasodillation inflmattation regulates proteases
53
Eosinophil granule function
induces reactive oxygen species formation vasodiliation basophil degranulation antiviral activity regulates other immune responses attracts leukocytes (other white blood cells)
54
Basophil/Mast cell granule function
adaptive immune response regulation smooth muscle activation vasodiliation inflammation regulation
55
Dendritic Cell Functions
Antigen capture antigen presentation important activators of T cells
56
Dendritic Cell Functions
Antigen capture antigen presentation important activators of T cells
57
C-type lectin receptors (on phagocytes) pattern recognition receptor type
``` mannans (bacteria, fungi, parasites) Beta glucans (fungi, some bacteria) ```
58
``` Scavenger receptors (on phagocytes) Pattern recognition receptor type ```
``` lipopolysaccharide lipoteichoic acid (bacteria) ```
59
Pattern recognition receptor types
C-type lectin receptors Scavenger receptors they directly facilitate the process
60
Opsonin receptor types
collagen-domain receptor complement receptor imminuglobulin Fc Receptors (IgE) and (IgM) and (IgA) Recognize host molecules that stick
61
Complement system 3 pathways to activate
Classical MB-Lectin Alternative
62
Complement system Alternative pathway activation
pathogen surfaces goes through derived factors to C3 convertase
63
Complement system Classical pathway activation
antigen:antibody complexes (antibody surface) through derived factors goes to C3 convertase
64
Complement system MB-Lectin pathway activation
mannose binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surfaces through derived factors goes to C3 convertase
65
3 actions of the complement system
Chemoattraction (C3a, C5a) Opsonization (C3b) Pathogen Lysis
66
Oxygen dependent killing
Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (ROI) Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates (RNI) monochloramine
67
Oxygen Independent Killing
Defensins Tumor necrosis factor alpha (macrophage only) Lysozyme Hydrolytic enzymes
68
Neuromasts
on insects, detect water movement from other animals. on legs
69
cytocrine control of exocrine | paracrine
Histamine released from Mast cell, which goes to pareital cell which releases acid (cytocrine key is that it goes to extracellular fluid)
70
Chemical factors of innate immunity
fatty acids in sweat enzymes in tears, saliva, mucus low pH of sweat and gastric secretions Defensins (antimicrobial proteins)
71
Physical factors of innate immunity
``` Skin movement (cilia, persistalis) Flushing (tears, saliva) Mucus Cough and sneeze reflexes Vomiting and diarrhea ```
72
Antibody functions
neutralization agglutination precipitation complement activation
73
neutralization
masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins:viruses (ferments the cell from binding to the surface off the cell)
74
Agglutination
cell bound antigens enhance phagocytosis
75
Precipitation
soluble antigens ferment the bad cell from binding to the surface of the cell
76
exogenous antigens players
``` professional APC exogenous antigen MHC class 2 Helper T cells TCR (specialized receptor) CD4+ ```
77
endogenous antigens players
``` Infected host or altered host cell endogenous antigen MHC class 1 cytotoxic T cells TCR (specialized receptor) CD8+ ```

Zoology 242 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions