Second half material Flashcards
(343 cards)
1
Q
Humanistic(Rogers and Maslow)
A
* free will and development of self * drive towards self actualization
2
Q
what area of the brain is reponsible for the deterciton of internal states
A
hypothalamus
3
Q
what is a stereotype
A
* organized sets of knowledge or beliefs about any group of people * overgeneralized beliefs (emotional component)
4
Q
Homophily
A
tendency to choose to associate with those who are similar to us in some way
5
Q
Somatoform disorders
A
category of mental disorder that involves physical symptoms similar to a medical illness but for which no medical cause can be found
6
Q
Looking-glass self
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* charles cooley * other people serve as mirrors in which we see ourselves
7
Q
What is the knowledge-across-situations hypothesis
A
people usually judge the behaviour of those whom they know well to be more flexible and dependent on the situation that the behaviour of those they know less well
8
Q
Which region of the brain plays the largest role in the regulation of emotion and motivation
A
limbic system
9
Q
How can we reconcile problems with ratio IQ
A
Wechsler: deviation IQ IQ related to other individuals of the same chronological age -1 standard deviation is 15pts -divided tasks into two categories: verbal, performance
10
Q
What is drive reduction theory
A
* drive produces an unpleasant states that causes an organism to engage in motivating behaviours * reduction of drive is reinforcing
11
Q
Carl Rogers * Humanist perspective
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that to become our true selves we must receive unconditional positive regard
12
Q
elements of a good intelligence test and personality test
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* standardization * reliability * validity
13
Q
effort justification model
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tendency to attribute a value to an outcome, which they had to put effort into achieving, greater than the objective value of the outcome.
14
Q
People who work as psychologsts
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- pscyhciatrist 2. clinical psychologist 3. certified counsellors 4. psychological associates 5. psychiatric social workers 6. councellors 7. psychiatric nurses
15
Q
survival of the fittest
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should refer to survival of the fittest genome because it actually refers to genes, not individuals
16
Q
3 main theories that explain relationships
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- attachment theory -anxiet: fear of rejection -avoidance: uncomfortable with intimacy 2. social exchange -max benifits, min losses - 3. investment model -stay in relationship becuase nothing is better
17
Q
projective personality test
A
* Rorschach test * describe what you see when looking at an inkblot
18
Q
priming account
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* process by which different moods activate different information * eg. when in a positive mood, positive information tends to be activated in their memory more readily * makes decisions faster, * people can be more easily persuaded by superficial cues. eg. attractiveness of a course
19
Q
Dissociation disorder
A
* group of mental disorder that are characterized by a disruption and/or discontinuity in the normal intregation of consciousness, memory, identify, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behaviour
20
Q
3 attitudinal models
A
attitude-behaviour specificity matching model elaboration likelihood cognitive dissonance
21
Q
What is the differential approach
A
approach in psychology devoted to tests and measures of individual differences in various psychological properties, including people’s abilities to solve problems.
22
Q
How much of the disparity amongst IQ can be explained by genetic factors
A
50%, 70% with age
23
Q
What is social psychology?
A
study of how indiidiuvals thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the social context
24
Q
Self efficacy
A
individual belief about his or her ability to perform a specific task contrast with excessive self efficacy, = maladaptive optimism
25
Why do people conform
believe that several people are more knowledgeable than one, or fear consequences of looking wrong
26
collectivist vs. individualistic societies and cultures
eg. belonging to a group identity: eg. I am a christian vs. individual societies who state : i am smart etc.
27
Disruptive mood dysreulation disorder
ages of 7-18, characterized by irritability and sever recurrent outbursts of tempter that are not consistent with the child age or situation
28
4 Proposed methods of reducing cognitive dissonance (eg. vegetarian who ate salmon for lunch)
\* change a cognition -no longer vegetation \* add consonant cognitions(bolstering/over compensating) -eat tofu for dinner \* reduce importance of cognitions or enhance importance of consonant cognitions - i am environmentalist \* deny relation between inconsistent cognitions - deny fish is meat
29
Around the age of 8, humans tend to develop self concept:
individuals perception of self, including knowledge, feelings and ideas about one self. used as a basis for how we describe ourselves
30
3 main areas of social psychology
\* perceptions of the self \* perceptions of other individuals \* perceptions of social groups
31
schizophreniform disorder
\* 1-6 month duration \* short term schizophrenia
32
what is the displacement test
false-belief task that explore how children reason through a change in location form two different perspectives
33
How to think about human development
\* cognitive growth \* emotional maturation
34
Behavioural theories (B.F. Skinner
\* learned habits and responses , resulting from classical and operant conditioning
35
examples of self serving cognitions
\* better than average effect \* unrealistic optimism \* self-serving attributions
36
internal working model (Bowlby)
\* explains early attachment to a care giver \* representation on which other relationships are “plotted"
37
false-consensus effects
tendency for a person to overestimate the number of people who share their beliefs and behaviours
38
What is the diffusion of responsibility
belief that other people will or should take responsibility for helping someone in need
39
Cyclic Process
\* assimilation: -incorporate data into schema \* accommodation -alterning existing schema \* equilibration -new shcema needed (think of this as filters)
40
2 components of embryonic expansion
1. inner cell mass (embryo) 2. trophoblast, blastocyst layer
41
Object permanence
objects do not disappear when they are out of sight
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Prejudice as a tool to manage self esteem
prejudice is an example of downward social comparison and self-serving cognition
43
adaptation:
\* eg. when working on a difficult problem, more parts of the brain could activate \* person with high reasoning ability would see larger increases in brain glucose metabolism
44
What is pluralistic ignorance
\* false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling \* people mistakenly believe their own individual thoughts, feelings, behaviours are different from those around them
45
What is the final period of prenatal development
foetal period ( 9th week after conception until birth)
46
“Drive reduction theory”
\* infants cry to have desires ie. hunger satisfied \* contact confort, babies need to be held
47
types of brain plasticity :
Experience dependent plasticity \* ability of the nervous system to wire and rewire itself in response to lasting changes in experience experience-expectant plasticity \* development that will not happen unless a particular experience occurs during its critical period
48
Framework:
less rigorous than a theory and cannot be tested
49
Malingering
when patient engages in misrepresentation of symptoms
50
What part of the brain is responsible for executive function
prefronal cortex
51
Diathesis-stress model
attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences.
52
Conditions for a mental disorder
\* harmful dysfunction \* causes significant distress or impairment You wouldn’t diagnose a person with a mental disorder if their behaviour is adaptive in the context of their environment \*\*
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7 Stages of continuum model of impression formation
\* initial categorization \* personal relevance \* attention and interpretation \* confirmatory categorization \* recategorization \* piecemeal integration \* public expression and further assessment
54
What is self-esteem
\* overall feelings of approval and acceptance of the self
55
Categories of attributions
\* Fritz Heider \* Personal \* situational
56
Subjective norms
\* people think a behaviour is normal or common in their society, use social proof as a frame of reference
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Phonemes
basic distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another
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Sexual Dimorphism
\* condition in which two (binary( sexes of the same species different characteristics beyond the difference in their reproductive organs \* males initially better at visuospatial tasks \* females better at verbal tasks
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stereo type threat
\* fear among members of a group that they may confirm or be judged in terms of a negative stereotype when they are in situations relevant to that stereotype
60
What is the prefrontal cortex’s role in emotion
\* interact with the structures in the limbic system to cognitively appraise stressful situations
61
Development of language skills:
Infants call tell the difference between all the phonemes used in language, by 1 year old, they are fixed in their language \* categorization and grouping \* categorical perception \* labeling
62
Theories of emotion (4)
1. James Lange -peripheral theory, ANS before emtion, stimulated by a trigger 2. Cannon-Bard -brain controls emotion, central theory of emotion 3. Schachter two facotr theory -label ans responses congitively -eg. bridge date study 4.Facial feedback -expressing a facial emotion leads to feeling taht emotion -"fake it till you make it"
63
What is self-concept?
sum of total belief that people have about themselves
64
What is the biological region associated with the reward centre?
\* limbic system, middle of the head. behind the ears
65
Familiarity:
repeated contact with someone generally increases liking
66
What dictates physical attractiveness
\* averagenss \* facial symmetry \* facial features \* body shape
67
Trait theories (Raymond Cattel)
\* composite of 16 personality dimensions or factors \* “the big 5 traits (OCEAN) \* openness to experience \* conscientiousness \* extraversion \* agreeableness \* neuroticism
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drivers can be
intrinsic vs. extrinsic
69
General stages of prenatal development
Geminal embryonic foetus
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Formal operational stage
\* ability to think about abstract concepts \* age 12-adulthood \* not necessary universal
71
Basic Personality Studies (4)
1. Psychodynamic (freud) 2. Humanistic (rogers and maslow) 3. Trait theories (cattel) 4. Behavioural theories (skinner)
72
Self-Schema
beliefs people hold about themselves that guide how they process self-relevant information, how they categorize and store information about themsevels
73
Core knowledge Theory
\* noam Chomsky \* infants and young children have a much more sophisticated set of cognitive tools than the older theories acknowledge
74
Basic emotions
\* universal within the human species \* facilitate a functional response to a specific, prototypical event \* evident early in life
75
Piaget 4 stages, and what happens in each
1. Sensorimotor: learn object permance, and enviornment
2. Preoperational: learn logic, problems with conservation
3. Concrete Operational: understand conservation
problems and cause-and effect
4. •formal operation:: abstract reasoning
76
Personality tests can be
objective projective
77
3 approaches to consider the best form of psychological therapy
\* taylorite \* dodo bird \* HVAC
78
Cognitive dissonance theory
theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
79
operant conditioning: positive reinforcement
addition of pleasant stimulus
80
Personality
particular pattern of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another
81
Private vs. public conformity
\* private: \* conformity that occurs when an individual changes behaviours and beliefs to conform to a group \* result of informational influence \* public \* person demonstrates superficial change in overt behaviour onlyy \* result of normative influence
82
Comparative perspective:
focuses on non-human animals to better understand the evolution of behaviour and mental processes
83
Emotions vs. feelings
\* antonio Damasio \* emotions: internal reactions that occur automatically and unconcisouly \* feelings: neural reactions becoming conscious
84
Strong or weak attitudes are determined by
\* accessibility \* knowledge \* ambivalence \* certainty \* importance
85
Norming
process of gathering data concerning comparison groups that permit an individual’s score to be assessed relative to his or her peers
86
PTSD
trauma and stressor-related disorders
87
Two theories that explain why being around others increases arousal
1. Mere presence theory 2. evaluation apprehension theory
88
BF Skinner: operant conditioning, more difficult to extinguish behaviour that has been
intermittently reinforced than behaoir that has been consistently reinforced
89
General Adaptation syndrome
\* developed by Hans Selye, \* framework for understand an animals physiological response to stress \* stages \* alarm \* resistance \* exhaustion
90
Theory Theory
\* children learn and develop knowledge about the world similar to scientists \* building coherent and abstract models about how the world functions. then test them \* view as continous process vs. stages
91
Personality disorders
\* exhibit patterns of thoughts, feelings, interpersonal interactions, impulse control that are considered inappropriate or discordant with their culture
92
initial stages of sexual development
Menarche: first menstrual cycle Spermarche: sign of sexual maturity in boys, production of viable sperm and first ejaculation
93
social referencing
tendency to look to another in an ambitious situation to obtain clarifying information
94
Physical attractiveness
\* generally posses better social skills \* “beautiful is good “ stereotype
95
What is myelination
\* development of the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons \* insulates neurons from each other and increases the speed at which neutrons transmit information
96
Parenting types
\* Authoritative (explain reason ) (best one) \* Rejecting Neglectful( do not set limits) \* Permissive (children learn best on their own) \* Authoritarian (use of physical discipline)
97
representativeness heuristic
ignore base rates and judge frequency of likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case
98
Social identity theory stats that people favour their in-group to
enhance their self esteem
99
Why are theories important
theories help us to organize and predict/make sense of the world
100
What is the difference between regulatory and non regulatory drives
\* regulatory drivers are those that help maintain homeostasis \* eg. hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, sleep \* think of base levels of drives \* Nonregulatory drivers: reproduction. safety, cooperation -important but not critcalt immediate survival
101
Erikson options for teens fronted with identity crises
Achievement: -consideration of alternative Moratorium: -exploring options, crisis unresolved Foreclosure: -identiy achieved without exploration of alternatives Identity diffusion: -no identity commitmnet, no exploration
102
Alfred Binet
Belief in environment more than genetics with regard to intelligence
103
Elaboration liklihood model
\* two routes through which persuasive messages are processed \* central \* peripheral
104
What is infant habituation
\* simplest form of learning, stimulus is presented repeatedly \* child learns not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly
105
Objective test
\* minnesota multipahsic inventory (MMPI-2) \* NEO : neroticism, extroversion and openness to experience
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Theory of the mind is partly learned
\* culture \* brain function \* genetics Environment can be a large factor also eg. younger siblings tend to develop theory of the mind faster \* executive function is a necessary but not sufficient precursor to Theory of Mind
107
Stages of moral Development (Kohlberg)
Pre conventional Conventional Post conventional
108
Reciprocal determinism
person’s behaviour is both influenced by and influences his or her attitudes and behaviours and the environment
109
2 patterns of embryonic development
1. cephalocaudal (head down) 2. proximodistal (centre out)
110
personality
genetics x environment
111
What is obedience
compliant behaviour produced by the commands of authority eg. Milgrim experiment of ordering people to conduct shocks
112
What is the attitude-behaviour specificity matching model
very specific attitudes predict a corresponding specific behaviour well but do not predict general patterns
113
Synchronization
measured as the degree to which the activation levels of two regions vary together
114
Kelley’s Covariation theory
\* attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why they and other people behave in a certain way \* types of covariation information \* consistency -over time \* consensus -many people \* distinctiveness -distinct reaction given constant stimuli
115
Discrimination
negative behaviour directed against people because of their group membership (behavioural component)
116
What is an attitude
positive, negative or mixed evaluation of an attitude objects expressed at some level of intensity
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delusional disorder,
delusions that are considered non-bizarre, based on things that could actually happen
118
What are the 4 stages of development according to Piaget
1. Sensorimotor stage 2. Preoperational stage 3. Concrete operational stage 4. formal operational stage
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Imaginary audience
adolescent thought process in which they believe they are constantly on a stage and everyone is watching them, attending to every move and mistake
120
Mental illness possibilities
-MDD -PDD -Bipolar I -Bipolar II Cyclothmic
121
Perceived self efficacy
individual perception of his or her ability to master a situation and produce favourable outcomes
122
“that’s not all technique”
influencer makes an initial request and before the person can respond, increases the attractiveness of the request by offering an additional benefit or decreasing its apparent size -used to create perceptual contrast
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maslow hierachy of needs
\* Physiological \* safety \* belonging \* esteem \* self actualization
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A-Not-B
\* Piaget task that indicates preservative error \* eg. infant continues to look for an object where he last found it despite seeing the object placed elsewhere
125
Factors to consider in development
\* stress \* nutrition
126
5 types of systems under brofenbrenner
\* Microsystem: you and your relationships with those in your immediate surroundings \* Mesosystem: connections between different relationships in the microsystem \* Exosystem: not directly experienced, but influenced by \* Macrosystem: larger social constructs \* Chronosystem: historical changes
127
What is the foot-in-the-door technique
two step technique where the influencer prefaces the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request
128
OCD
\* characterized by obsessions and compulsions \* commonly associated with fear of germs
129
Preoperational stage
\* second stage \* characterized by language development, using symbols, conservation \* conservation: specific properties of objects remain the same despite apparent changes in the shape or arrangements \* age 2-7
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Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system
viewed the developing person as existing within a number of overallping systems
131
Which of the following two persuasion techniques are both believed to work because of the principle of reciprocity?
thats not all door in the face
132
Fixation:
the result of unresolved conflict at the appropriate stage \* energies remains focused on a particular stage or activity without progress
133
what is meant by Generativity
ability to combine words or symbols of a language using rules of composition and syntax to communicate an almost infinite variety of ideas using a relatively small vocabulary
134
Schema
mental framework or body of knowledge that organizes and synthesizes information about a person place or thing
135
Elements of intelligence: individuals with higher cognitive abilities
\* more efficient neural processing \* greater degree of syncronization \* greater neural adaptation
136
What are the 5 main functions of attitudes
1. utilitarian 2. social adjustive 3. value expressive 4. ego-defensive 5. knowledge
137
How to define self awareness
\* ability to recognize oneself as a distinct entity
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problem focused coping
change an existing stressful situation by eliminating it
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Types of defenses (Georges Vaillant)
\* immature \* distort reality the most \* projection \* regression \* displacement \* intermediate \* less distortion of reality \* repression, reaction, formation, sublimation \* mature \* least reality distorting \* associate with the most adaptive coping \* e.g humour, suppression
140
Environmental effects can be linked to
individualistic vs. collectivist cultures \* view environment as relatively fiexed \* motivated to fit in \* focus on self improvement rather than outcome success \* indirect and face-saving communication more
141
Aspects of Social learning theory
\* Observation \* Reproduction \* Reinforcement
142
ASD
\* autism spectrum disorder \* group of developmental disorder that affect the brain’s normal development of social and communication skills
143
Stages of Kohlbergs
1. Heteronymous morality 2. Instrumental 3. Good child 4. law and order 5. social contract 6. universal ethical principles 7. cosmic orientation
144
importance of play
\* part of typical development \* important for cognitive, physical and social development
145
Synaptic pruning:
facilities a change in neural structure by reducing the overall number of synapses, leaving more efficient synaptic configurations
146
5 steps of the scientifc method
1. formulate a hypothesis. 2. design a study that will test this hypothesis. 3. conduct the experiment to collect data 4. analyze the data collected and obtain results. 5. conclusions from results
147
what is emotion focused coping
\* aims to reduce our emoitanl reaction to a stressful situation \* eg. exercise, adjusting perceptions of stressors as being less threatening \
148
Anchoring
bias with use of reference point
149
What is reciprocal determinism
cyclical notion that a person’s behaviour is both influenced by and influences his or her attitudes and behaviours about the environment
150
Psychodynamic (Freud)
\* 3 components \* id \* ego \* superego] referring to the links between the conscious and unconscious and the interaction between drives of a person
151
False belief problems
set of tests used to determine children theory of mind and false belief understanding
152
Fundamental attribution error
\* tendency to overestimate impact of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors \* eg. success based on skill or luck
153
procss by which new synapses are formed
synaptogenesis
154
Compliance techniques of persuasion
1. foot in the door 2. door in the face 3. low ball 4. that's not all
155
Discrete emotions theory
\* emotions are innate \* strong basis in evolutionary theory
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Concrete operational stage
\* third stage \* age 7-12 \* master conservation problems \* perspective taking ability increases \* understand cause and effect relations and increased understanding of logical problem solving
157
Definition of best in terms of mental treatment
most suited to its purpose (validity?)\_
158
What is conformity
adjusting one’s attitudes to coincide with a group norm
159
Visual orientation hypothesis
attribition of behaviour to personality differently for others because we see the environment only through our own eyes, but we focus on other people and ignore the environment
160
What are the types of non regulatory drives
(almost similar to maslow) \* safety \* social \* educative
161
Pygmalion effect/ self-fullfiing prophecy
stereotype-based expectancy that causes a person to act in a manner consistent with the stereotype
162
How to initiate language development in children
infant directed talk: • : Exaggerated expressive verbal and nonverbal communication used with infants.
163
stress inocluation training
mild doses of stressors to prepare to deal with greater stress in the future
164
What are the types of conformity
\* informational influence \* people conform because they believe others are correct in their judgements \* normative influence \* people conform because they fear the consequences of appearing deviant
165
What is the last area of the brain to undergo myelination
\* dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (controlling impulses, planning complex actions, foreseeing consequences and working memory ) \* known as executive functioning
166
Ellis’s ABC Theory
•An external event or antecedent (A) results in a specific emotion or consequence (C) because of the person’s belief system or thoughts about the event (B), not because of the actual event itself
167
What is central state theory
\* various drives correspond with different neural activities in different parts of the brain \* eg. hypothalamus is a central drive system that senses internal states
168
In Bandura's classic study, children observe a model acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll, hitting and punching. Afterwards they see the model either rewarded, punished, or receive no consequence.
Children who viewed a model being punished behaved more aggressively towards the Bobo doll than those who saw a model being rewarded.
169
Types of community interventions
\* community psychology \* Assertive community treatmen
170
When consistency, consensus and distinctiveness are high,
people tend to make situational attributions
171
what is the evolutionary advantage to ToM
\* maintain reciprocity, sharing, collective conscience \* development of moral conscience, promotes survival
172
shared environmental factors for intelligence
Genetics plays a larger role at the individual level, but on a population basis, environmental factors are more important eg. flynn effect
173
what are several forms of antidepressants
\* tricyclics \* monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), break down dopamine and norepinephrine in cells \* selectie serotonine reuptiake inhibitors (SSRIs)
174
Methods of psychoanalysis
dream analysis free association
175
Even though the due date is still a week away, Anne asks her professor for an extension on the assignment. Anne is using which of the following coping strategies?
problem focued
176
Problems with IQ
Ratio IQ, mental age eventually stops, chronological age increase until death -therefore, ratio IQ decreases with age
177
Validity:
degree to which the procedure actually measures what it claims to measure
178
RET: rational-emotive therapy
\* proposes driving force behind psychological problems is the thought process behind them \* our thoughts determine our mood
179
What are attributions
\* explanations for the causes of one’s own and other’s behaviour
180
Keith Stanovich
no adequate way to assess and measure differences in rational thinking processes
181
Synapses
junction between the terminal button of one neutron and the membrane of a muscle fibre, gland or neutron
182
What causes us to develop stereotypes
minimal groups phenomenon -tendency to develop in group bias Out group homogeneity effect \* tendency to perceive out-group members as all alike, while perching in-group members as distinct and diverse realistic conflict theory -groups tend to have more friction with each other when they compete for resources and will be more cooperative with unified goals
183
What are the two main problems with groups
1. group polarization 2. Groupthink
184
what is the most common therapy to treat phobias, addictions and specific problematic behaviours?
-behavioural therapy
185
What is required to understand what someone says
\* recognize phonemes \* identify words (access morphological and semantic knowledge) \* analyse the syntax (prosody, rhythm, stress and intonation of speech) \* interpret
186
Common eye issues in development
Strabismus: cross eye Amblyopia: lazy eye
187
Two theories of self-esteem
1. sociometer theory -self esteem is a way to meausre interpersonal relationships -public feedback affects self but not private 2. Terror management theory -human behaivour is motivated by fear of death
188
Types of attatchment
\* secure \* insecure resistant \* disorganized/ disoriented \* insecure, avoidant
189
Describe how the rouge test is used to reveal a sense of self
Rouge test: place a red dot on the nose of the subject. see if recognition occurs -Humans start to pass this around 15-24 months
190
9 Possible “temperaments”
\* Activity level \* rhythmicity \* approach/withdrawal \* threshold of responsiveness \* intensity of reaction \* attention span \* distractibility \* adaptability \* quality of mood
191
Message learning theory
\* individual must attend to, comprehend, yield to, retain a message in order to be persuaded
192
Aschematic
not having a schema for a particular categorization of situation
193
Executive functioning
\* affects the development of Theory of Mind \* includes capacity to control impulses, plan complex actions, force consequences and use working memory
194
Types of coping styles
1. problem focused 2. emotion focused 3. proactive 4. stress inocluation training
195
Problems with DSM-5,
-lumps people into categories without considering severity -specifically for NA
196
Nativist vs Interactionist
o Interactionist: A person who believes that language development results from interaction among multiple biological and social influences. o Nativism: The philosophical view that we are born with knowledge already present
197
Questions to consider
\* what does best mean \* how to evaluate best \* what treatments are available \* what resources are required
198
Lanessa is in her first year of college. She has only had three different professors, but already she thinks that all professors are mean, spiteful, and arrogant. Her attitude toward professors reflects:
stereotype
199
Studies show that adults with antisocial tendencies
tend to have children with antisocial tendencies
200
Positive vs. negative symptoms
\* negative = flattened affect, slowing of movement, reflect diminution or loss of normal function \* eg. \* flattened speech \* positive: excess or distortion of normal function \* eg. \* delusions
201
How do children learn to read
\* need to be able to map the visual symbol system onto the auditory symbol system \* learn letters of alphabet \* analyse phonemes
202
Impression formation
develop different impressions about the same person depending on how you encounter them
203
For a mental disorder to be present
\* whether the symptoms or actions are harmful \* Do they represent dysfunction? \* Are they a maladaptive response to the environment ?
204
5 Important qualities for friendship
\* Common ground activity \* clear communication \* exchange of information \* ability to become a friend \* reciprocity in interaction
205
A person who displays little or no emotion, very little speech and hardly any movement is most likely experiencing:
schizophrenia
206
What is intersubjectivity
\* understanding between two individuals of the topic they are discussing
207
autobiographical memory
\* memory for the specific experiences that make up a persons’s life story \* influences development of self concept
208
What is a psychoactive substance
chemical that acts on the central nervous system
209
Formation of CNS in prenatal development
neural tube is formed in embryonic stage, develops into spine and brain through process called neurulation.
210
Apoptosis
genetically programmed cell death
211
What is prejudice
negative feeling toward people based on their membership in a certain group (cognitive componnet)
212
To foster secure attachment, baby needs
warm, responsive caregiving
213
Emotion
include physiological, cognitive, motivational, and behavioural responses
214
Semantics
\* meaning of words and rules that govern those meanings
215
Types of therapy
1.Psychoanalytics -analyze unconscious desires 2. humanist -twarted of realizing their potential -understand what wishes and desires are 3. Gestalt -focus on present moment
216
door in the face
\* two step compliance technique in which the influencer prefaces the real request with a request so large that it is likely to be rejectedd and make the real request seem more reasonable \* eg. anchoring high
217
epigenetic
heritable changes that occur without a change in the DNA sequence
218
Steps to "curing" a mental disorder
1. assessment 2. treatment plan 3. treatment 4. evaluation
219
Jean Piaget:
influential developmental psychologist in the 20th century
220
5 domains of psychotic disorders
\* delusions \* hallucinations \* disorganized thinking (speech) \* abnormal motor behaviour (catatonia) \* negative symptoms
221
Stages of development
prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood
222
representativeness bias
judge membership in a group based on stereotype. eg. doctors and rich
223
What are the 3 approaches to understand how behaviour is shaped by the learning envionment?
\* learning theory \* Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model \* Bandua’s social learning theory
224
Bystander apathy
\* why people don’t get involved even when they should help \* effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping
225
What is the over-justification effect?
people who shift from intrinsic to extrinsic rewards for engaging in an activity will stop the activity if the extrinsic motivating factor is removed.
226
What is preservation
\* inability to switch strategies as new information is presented \* initial strategy might work, but when a change is called for, the strategy remains the same
227
Chicken vs. egg problem of emotion
which comes first, emotion of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
228
formation of neurons
neurogenesis
229
What is compliance
change in behaviour elicited by a direct request from another individual who is not an authority figure
230
Group therapy
Hleps realize not alone -better for things that are expereinced in a similar manner -eg. support group
231
What can lead to premature delivery and low birth weight
high levels of maternal stress
232
Theory of the origin of schizophrenia,
excessive dopamine, create biological change
233
Best model to use when comparing cultures
Bornfenbrenner’s ecological system
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Substance withdrawal
occucrs when a person suffers clinically significant negative or harmful behavioural changes after stopping prolonged use of a substance
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Factors that can affect substance aabuse
\* environmental factors \* psychological factors \* biological factors
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What is inductive learning/discipline
\* Guiding behaviours, introducing appropriate limits, setting up reasonable consequences while also explaining why
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Prosocial behaviour
altruism, reciprocity
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What are drives
reversible internal conditions that affect the nature, strength and persistence of an individual’s behaviour
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social comparison theory
theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others
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social interference
decline in a person’s performance of a task because of the presence of others
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Anxiety Disorders covered
-seperation anxiety -selective mutism -panic disorder -specific phobia -social anxiety disrder -agoraphobia -generalized anxiety
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What is a cognitive heuristic
\* mental shortcuts based on experience \* contrast with algorithms: step by step instructions
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Behaviroual therapy:
undo easily defined problems that are a result of learned behaviour
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-over+ under extending words
-OE: generaluze words they know to a wider variety of contact than is appropriate -UE ;ball may mean specificially their ball and not other spherical toys
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what is the flynn effect
environmental factors explaining continuous worldwide increase in intelligence test performance, ~3/4 pts /decade
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cognitive constructs
general belief system that affects how person understands events and selects approariate behaviours
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Goal related expectation vs. spatially related expectation
infants tend to attribute goals to animate but not inmate objects
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Phenomenological reality
how each individual views his or her own world
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Imprinting:
form of rapid learning through which the newton organize forms a rapid and powerful bond to its mother
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Affective forecasting
predicting how one would feel about a future emotional event
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anti-manic drugs
lithium carbonate
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what is meant by displacement
ability to use language to convey messages that are not tied to the immediate context (time and place) but instead communicate information about events in the past or future, or at some other location
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pluralistic ignorrance
\* misperceptions of what is normative because others are too embarrassed to present their true thoughts
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• Compare and contrast the theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, as well as Core Knowledge and Theory Theory
Piaget:focus on physical environment Vygotsky: focus on social environment Core Knowledge: Chomsky infants and young children have a much more sophisticated set of cognitive tools than the older theories acknowledge Theory Theory: continous process of experimentation
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Explicit vs. implicit attitudes
\* explicit \* direct methods, ask people to directly report their attitudes \* implicit \* assess attitudes without people knowing their attitudes are being measured
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What are teratogens
external agents that cause extreme deviation from typical development eg. alcohol, tobacco, prescription drugs, viruses
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gene-environemnet covariation
when exposure to environmental conditions is correlated with persons genes. eg. inherited extroverted characteristics might seek job that requires integration with other people
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Dealing with stress
\* appraisal mode \* primary \* perceive new or change in environment as beneficial, natural or negative \* secondary \* our ability to cope with change Relatres to self-efficacy \* inidivudal’s belief about his or her ability to perform a specific task
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Locus of control
belief about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do or on events outside their personal control
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Biases of impression formaiton
\* Person positivity bias \* tendency to evaluate individuals more favourably than groups \* trait negativity bias \* more influenced by negative information than positive information \* primacy \* tendency for information that is presented earlier to be more influential than information that is presented later
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anti-anxiety drugs
benzodiazepines
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what is neural migration
neurons grow, connect and mature
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Implicit association test
flexible task designed to tap automatic associations between concepts (eg. math and arts) and attributes (good or bad) male or female, self or other
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proactive coping
eg. taking notes. taking actions before hand
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Effect of gene-environment covariation
genotype determines the organism's response to environmental opportunities. eg. someone who is more extroverted will seek a job that suits this inherent trait
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effortful control
\* ability to regulate one’s responses to external stimuli \* ability to inhibit an automatic response and substitute a planned or intentional response instead
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What makes for a good experiment
validity, reliability, generalizability
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Substance intoxication
occurs when a person suffers clinically significant negative or harmful behavioural changes or psychological effects because of the influences of a psychoactive substance
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Differences between each bipolar types
\* Bipolar 1 (mania is dominant feature) \* bipolar 2 (at least one major depressive episode, at least one hypomania episode (hypomania lasts moree than 4 days) \* cyclothymia (long term, cycling of moods, lower vol in general)
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Herbert Simon
people are not capable of engaging (and don’t want to) in effortful, time consuming calculations to make the best possible decisions
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What is schematicity
\* the importance of particular self-schemas to a person’s self concept \* effects our interpretation of past events through hindsight bias
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Framing effects
\* effect of wording on judgement and decision making \* eg. 70% pass rate vs, 30% fail rate
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Stages of attachment
\* Pre attachment \* attachment in the making \* start to show preference fro some people \* clearcut attachment \* reciprocal relationship phase
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Coarticulation
• Speech sounds for words are not produced in a discrete sequence. Instead, the articulators are effectively shaping multiple sounds at any moment in time, so that different instances of a particular phoneme (e.g., "b") are acoustically different, depending on the sounds preceding and following them.
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morphemes
\* smallest units of meaning in a language \* combination of phonemes \* Types of morphemes \* Free \* Bound
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Types of behavioural therapy
1. Systematic desensitzation 2. flooding 3. aversion therapy 4. imaginal exposure 5. behaviour modification 6. token economies
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Sensorimotor stage
\* first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (up until 2 years old) \* reflexes start to be replaced by voluntary behaviour
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Fluid intelligence
ability to reason abstractly decreases with age
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Components of embryo
amniotic sack which stores fluid needed ofr embryo. Placenta: organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply
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Enbryo develops into 3 unique layers
-endoderm: inner:lungs, digestive -mesoderm: middle: muscle, bones -ectoderm: skin, hair, CNS
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Experience-dependent plasticity describes:
changes in the brain in response to use
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Schizophrenia spectrum
\* lasts at least 6 months, \* includes at least two of the following \* delusions \* hallucinations \* disorganized speech \* grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour \* negative symptoms
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Components of good experimental design
1. Determne variables 2. have control and experiment group 3.reduce confounds 4. double blinded:, 5. random selection
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Defense mechanism in psychoanalytic frameworks
mental systems that become active whenever unconscious instinctual dire of the id come into conflict with superego
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How might we think about the moviation to create art, music or literature
evolutionary backgoround, demonstrates skill and makes one a more attractive mate forms of play that exercise imagination and creative thinking
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Zajonc’ Social facilitation
\* increase in a person’s performance of a task because of the presence of others
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What drives regulatory drive of hunger
\* most food is ultimately converted to glucose \* decreasing glucose leads to a sense of hunger \* leptin: hormone secreted by fat cells
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Crystallized intelligence
\* accumulated information and verbal skills
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Compulsions (repetitive behaviours or mental acts):
serve to counteract the anxiety produced by obsessions
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TRUE about categorical perception?
demonstrates that our perception does not accurately reflect what is physically present in the sound
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learned helplessness
General belief system in which an animal or human learns hopelessness and passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
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What is the bradley effect
\* tendency of non-white political candidates to perform better in opinion polls than they do in actual elections when they are running against white candidates
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Erikson lifecycle stages
stage 1: trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year) Stage 2: autonomy vs. shame and self doubt (1-3) Stage 3: initiative vs. guild (3-4,5-6) Stage 4: industry vs. inferiority ( 5-5, onset of adolescence) Stage 5: identity vs. role confusion: adolescent to early adulthood Stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation: early adulthood Stage 7: generativity .vs stagnation (middle adulthood) Stage 8: integrity vs. despair ( late adulthood -death)
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3 factors of language
-semanticity -generativity -displacement
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What are the major neurotransmitters targeted in pharmacology
1.Dopamine -reward system, motor control etc. 2.Norepinephrine -fiht or flight 3.serotonin -behaviour control 4. GABA gamma-amino butyric accidentally inhibits excitation and anxiety and induces relaxation -too little - anxiety
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Erikson and the lifecycle
theories of development: resolution of crises Not really a "theory" per se.
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Problems with Piaget Theory
\* does not account for variability in child development
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Language development
Steps: \* crying \* cooing(8-10 weeks) \* interaction and increased sound production \* babbling(7 months, mixing vowels and consonants) \* become a better babbler -Vocabulary spurt: period of strong language growth
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Group think symptoms
\* closed mindedness \* feeling invincible, overesitaming ability to make a good decision \* "mind guards "reprimand counter argue \* self censorship \* illusion of unanimity
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What affects our behaviorus?
Attitudes, subjective norms, percerived beahvioural control all affect our beahvioural intentions which ultmately manage our behaviours
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Ways people build or hinder their self-esteem
-self-handicapping -BIRG -downward social comparisons -self-serving cognitions
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Social learning theory:
Bandura emphasized observation and imitation as the primary means by which children learn
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what affected milgram experiment (obedience)
1. Figure of authority dress 2. proximity of figure of authority 3. proximiaty of confederate being shocked
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g
general intelligence
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Abstinence violation effect:
AVE: people who low their diet in one meal tend to cheat the rest of the day. (similar to banking, unethical behaviour is reduced if the slate is cleaned. eg. confession)
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emotional self-regulation
\* a process that involves the initiation, suppression or modulation of the 4 components of emotion \* feelings \* physiological states \* goals \* thoughts
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What is the self-perception thoery
\* internal cues are difficult to interpret \* therefore some indidiuvals determine their attitudes and feelings by observing their own behaviour
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Types of assessments
\* clinical interviews \* self-report questionnaires \* psychological tests \*behavioural monitoring
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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
\* used to treat depression \* ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) is effective for treatment-resistant clients (last resort) as it can result in memoryy loss \* DBS deep brain stimulation
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Diathesis stress model
diathesis= predisposition, vulnerability, tendency
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Functional approach to emotion
\* purpose of emotion is to motivate interaction with the environment in order to accomplish goals \* eg. all humans exhibit shame or embarrassment but the source of shame is learned
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Thomas and Chess found most babies fit into 3 different temperament types
\* easy baby \* playful, exhibits regular biological rythmens \* difficult \* irregular in biological rhythms \* slow to adapt to new circumstances \* slow to warm up
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conjunction fallacy
belief that multiple specific conditions are more likely than a single general one (linda effect, bank teller)
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Pragmatics
social rules of language
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4 sets of criteria for a substance abuse disorder
\* impaired control \* social impairment \* risky use \* pharmacological issues
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Critique of Kohlberg's model of morality
\* not discrete categoies \* people might change after experiences. eg. mugging \* focused only on males Cultural diference:traditional” societies that favour more meaningful roles in family survival like Mexico or Kenya exhibit more prosocial behaviours than do children in indivudalized countries .eg. USA
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homeostasis
self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
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6 Principles of influence (Cialdini)
1. consistency and commitment 2. reciprocity 3. social proof 4. liking 5. authority 6. scarcity
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Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy
guide patients to use a variety of therapeutic techniques to help guide thoughts and understand the logic behind them. once patients examine and understand the flaws, they can begin got form more accurate, rational thoughts.
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We know we can detect intelligence through brain imaging techniques. what do we look at?
\* 1. efficient use of neural resources \* 2.high synchronization between cortical centres \* 3.adaptation of cortical networks in the face of changing demands Overall, higher processing efficiency is often reflected as lower levels of activation in areas used to perform a particular tasks
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Types of therapy
\* behavioural therapy \* cognitive behavioural therapy/rational emotive therapy
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Paul Ekman 7 basic emotions
1. happiness 2. sadness 3. surprise 4. fear 5. anger 6. contempt 7. disgust
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When do intelligence score do a good job of predicting performance?
3x in general roles 4x more predictive for long term workers
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three types of phobias covered
\* agoraphobia \* social phobia \* specific phobia
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Types of research methods
Study, correlational, experimental , descriptive, case study, survey
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List of primary refexes
\* Rooting \* infants turn head and open mouth when you touch their cheek \* Sucking \* infant will suck if something is put into its mouth \* Babinski \* toe curl if touch underside of foot \* Tonic Neck \* infant turns head to one side, extend arm on the same side and felt arm and knee on the opposite side \* Stepping \* when held over a flat surface, feet move in a walking from \* Moro \* infants throw out arms and graps if they feel themselves dropping unexpectedly \* Eye blink \* present from birth to death, protect eyes from foreign objects and bright lights \* Grapsing
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Behavioural therapies based on classical conditioning are effective for
anxiety disorder but cognitive therapies seem to do better with mood disorders -\*rememberr that no single type of hterapy is best. individual preferecnes are also key
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self-discrepancy effect
\* self-esteem and emotional states are determined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves \* actual self \* ought self \* ideal self when actual.ought discrepancy occurs, negative outcomes. Actual/ideal discrepancy, absence of positive outcomes
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The study of motivation is the study of
“why’s” of behaviour.
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what makes a good theory
1. Explanatory Power (limited?) 2. Falsifiable (testable?) 3. Parsimony (simplest explanation) 4. Validity (does it represent real world) 5. Heuristic Value (does it prompt other researchers) 6. Applied Value (can they be generated so it talks about the real world?)
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Socio-cultural theory
\* Lev Vygotsky \* theory of development that places emphasis on environmental factors including cultural influences \* emphasis on social environment vs. Piaget focus on physical environment
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What is language
\* method for communication information, including ideas thoughts and emotions \* socially agreed-upon \* rule governed system \* arbitrary symboals \* communicate about present, past and future \* real or imagined placed
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Describe group think
mode of thinking that people engage in when the need for agreement becomes so dominate in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
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Eating disorders
\* anorexia \* bullimia \* binge eating
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Framework for observational learning
\* Teacher Models \* Learner Observes \* Learner Improves
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WHen shoudl yo uassess the patient
both beforea dn after to evaluate progress objectively
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Substance use disorder vs.substance induced disroder
Substance use disorder -caffeine, alcohol etc. Substance induced disorder -intoxication -withdrawal
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3 factors/ components of psychoanalytic theory
\* Id \* completely unconscious reservoir of psychic energy \* operates on a pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratifications \* Ego \* largely conscious, meditate conflict between id and super ego “reality principle” \* super ego \* partly conscious, punishes ego by creating feeling of guilt or shame
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Theory of Mind
\* reasoning process that attempt to predict how others might think or behave based on their motives, needs and goals \* mental states are not directly observable, but we can make predictions about them based on experience
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How would you define a heuristic
information processing rule of thumb
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What is a Longitudinal study
study of development that compares observations of the same individuals at different times of their lives. eg. seven up
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Which is the most effective way to teach behaviour ?
Positive reinforcment: eg. praise or a food treat for acting appropriately is the most effective way to teach behaviour
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How can you think about motivation
internal and external desires, needs and interest that arouse and activate an organism to move toward a specific goal
