Second Major Exam Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What did Matthew Perry force Japan into signing?
A
The Harris Treaty. It established formal relations with Japan.
2
Q
In what 3 ways did Japan embrace change?
A
- Japanese Imperial Oath of 1868
- A constitution was created.
- Department of Education was established in 1871.
3
Q
What did the Japanese Imperial Oath of 1868 consist of? (3 things)
A
- Freedom of speech.
- Abandonment of outdated practices.
- Pursuit of knowledge.
4
Q
Upon which Western nation did Japan model their new government?
A
Germany, with their constitutional monarchy.
5
Q
What was the Japanese Department of Education’s mission statement?
A
To wipe out ignorance.
6
Q
What was the Meiji Restoration?
A
From 1868-1912, Japan transitioned from a feudal society to a world power. Emperor was head of state.
7
Q
What does “Meiji” mean?
A
Enlightened rule.
8
Q
Why was Japan viewed as a world power?
A
- Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902: between Britain and Japan. A military alliance.
- Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): Japan beat China for Eastern dominance.
9
Q
What was significant about the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902?
A
The British broke their “splendid isolationism” in favor of alliance with an Eastern power (over that of even a Western power).
10
Q
Why did Japan fight China around 1894-95?
A
Over control of Korea. Both sides agreed to let Korea be politically independent. Japan won.
11
Q
What is the Treaty of Shimonosaki?
A
Treaty signed after Sino-Japanese War. Gave control of Korea to Japan.
12
Q
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
A
In 1904-1905, Japan fought Russia over control of Manchuria. First time an Eastern power had beat a Western nation.
13
Q
Why were the Russians interested in Manchuria?
A
Russia did not have a sufficient warm water port. Port Arthur was located there and the Ruskies wanted it.
14
Q
Why were the Japanese interested in Manchuria?
A
Port Arthur, as well as the railroads and mining resources there.
15
Q
Who was the mediator between Russia and Japan?
A
President Roosevelt, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize.
16
Q
What treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War and what did it do?
A
The Portsmouth Treaty. Japan gained control of Manchuria.
17
Q
In 1871, what Western nation produced the most industrial goods?
A
Germany.
18
Q
Who was Otto van Bismarck?
A
He was the Prime Minister (Chancellor) of Prussia. Very good at working things in his favor.
19
Q
Prior to 1871, Bismarck was a “hawk.” What does this mean?
A
It meant he was in favor of war.
20
Q
What were Bismarck’s two biggest goals PRIOR to 1871?
A
To create a unified Germany and protect the interests of the Prussian Royal Family.
21
Q
Who was William I?
A
The King of Prussia who appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister. They worked well together.
22
Q
How did Bismarck intend to unify the German people?
A
War, propagandized correctly.
23
Q
What were Bismarck’s 3 wars?
A
- War of 1864 w/ Denmark
- Seven Weeks War of 1866 w/ Austria
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
24
Q
Why did Bismarck fight Denmark in 1864?
A
Over “border” issues.
25
Why did Bismarck fight the Seven Weeks War of 1866 with Austria?
Over who was going to lead the Germanic people: Prussia or Austria. Prussians won.
26
Why was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 fought?
France did not want a Prussian noble (Leopold) to be king in Spain (they would have enemies on both sides then). Much drama ensued and Prussia won.
27
What ended the Franco-Prussian War?
Napoleon III's capture.
28
What treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War and what did it do? (2 things)
The Treaty of Frankfurt: Prussia gained two wealthy provinces and William I was coronated in the Palace of Versailles.
29
What was the government type of the German Empire?
Constitutional monarchy. Powerful central government with 25 smaller states.
30
What kind of powers did the German Feds hold vs those of the smaller states?
German Federal gov't held enumerated power (as written in constitution) while the 25 states held residual power (anything that wasn't written in the constitution).
31
What was iffy about the German constitution?
It gave people a sense of participation without actually giving them power.
32
How did the German constitution favor a few?
The two most powerful positions, Kaiser and Prime Minister, were inherited.
33
What does "Kulturkampf" translate to?
"Struggle for civilization."
34
What was the Kulturkampf?
A struggle between those who considered themselves "enlightened" Europeans and the Roman Catholic Church.
35
What was the "Syllabus of Errors?"
In 1864, Pope Pius 9th identified what he believed to be errors of modern societies.
36
What were the "errors" Pope Pius 9th listed? (4 things)
1. Freedom of speech/press
2. Separation of church and state
3. Secular education
4. Civil (non-Church) marriage
37
What was the "First Vatican Council & Doctrine of Papal Infallibility" and what was the problem with it?
In 1870, the council said that the Pope could do no wrong in matters of FAITH, whereas some thought they said he could do no wrong period (which was an incorrect interpretation).
38
How did Italy respond to the misbehaving Catholic Church?
In 1870, the Italian army occupied Rome and made clear that Rome was part of the Italian state.
39
Why did Napoleon III pull troops out of Rome?
Troops that usually protected the Church were pulled back to fight in the Franco-Prussian War. The Church was not happy with this.
40
How did Bismarck make Kulturkampf worse?
He made the May/Falk laws that persecuted and punished the Catholic Church in Germany. This was stupid as a third of Germany was Catholic.
41
Why did Bismarck enact the May/Falk laws? (3 possible reasons, last one is best)
1. Pope is an Italian Prince
2. Prejudice
3. Foreign policy
42
What were Bismarck's two major goals POST 1871?
1. He wanted to identify friends and isolate enemies.
| 2. He didn't want enemies to feel threatened.
43
Who did Bismarck identify as a potential enemy and what did he do next?
He identified Russia as a potential enemy and entered the Dual Alliance with Austria.
44
What was the Dual Alliance of 1879?
It was a military alliance between Germany and Austria. Primarily aimed at Russian threat.
45
What was the Triple Alliance of 1882?
An alliance between Germany, Austria, and now Italy. From German view, it was directed at France.
46
What was the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887?
A German peace treaty towards Russia. It was mostly just a goodwill gesture.
47
Why status did Italy want and what step were they going to take to move towards it?
Italy wanted to be seen as a world power and they wanted to take Tunisia.
48
What role did Germany play regarding Tunisia?
Bismarck secretly told the French that if they wanted to take Tunisia, Germany would not be opposed. France took Tunisia before Italy could get there.
49
How did Italy respond to the French taking Tunisia?
They asked the Germans to support them in Tunisia, and Germany said they would if Italy resolved their differences with Austria.
50
When did William I die and who took his place?
In 1888; his son Frederick III took position as Kaiser.
51
How did Frederick III being the Kaiser play out?
He died of throat cancer after about 100 days as Kaiser. Subsequently, William II took the throne.
52
What did William II think of Bismarck?
He admired him at first, but once he became Kaiser, he thought he knew better than Bismarck (which would've been a mighty feat).
53
What was William II's foreign policy?
He embraced imperialism (in opposition to Bismarck). He said "Germany will have its place in the sun."
54
What strained German-British relations going into WWI?
German naval buildup.
55
How did Bismarck lose position of Prime Minister?
William II forced him to resign.
56
What was the Franco-Russian Military Alliance of 1894?
A military alliance between France and Russia aimed at the threat of the Triple Alliance.
57
What was the Entente Cordial of 1904?
A promise of support between France and Britain. Each country promised to support the others' colonial claims.
58
What was the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907?
A promise of support between Britain and Russia. It settled colonial disputes between the two, all under French mediation. The 3 were identified as the "Triple Entente" afterwards.
59
What were the 3 main causes of WWI?
1. Empire building
2. Weak Ottoman Empire (the "sick man" of Europe)
3. Secret Alliances
60
What region was known as the "powder keg of Europe?"
The Balkans, a region the Ottoman Empire was losing control of.
61
What did Serbia want with the Adriatic Sea?
As a landlocked country, Serbia wanted a sea outlet in the Adriatic, through Bosnia and Herzegovina.
62
What did Austria do to Bosnia and Herzegovina?
They annexed those two countries and brought them into their empire, which rustled the jimmies of Serbia.
63
Who killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophia?
Princip, a Serbian who was part of the Black Hand Society (a terrorist organization).
64
How did Austria and Germany respond to the assassination of Ferdinand?
Austria issued Serbia an ultimatum and asked Germany if they would support them in a war with Serbia, to which Germany issued a "blank check."
65
What is a "blank check" (in a specific case with Germany)?
The "blank check" meant that Germany would support Austria no matter what, though they recommended negotiation before war.
66
What was the ultimatum that Austria issued Serbia following the assassination of Ferdinand? (3 things in it)
It was a 48 hour ultimatum.
1. Serbian apology.
2. They wanted certain Serbian officials fired.
3. They demanded that Austrian police be allowed into Bellgrad to investigate the crime.
67
On July 28, what did Austria do?
They declared war on Serbia and began bombing Bellgrad.
68
On July 30, what did Russia do?
Russia (Nicholas II) mobilized troops along the German/Russian border.
69
On July 31, what did Germany and Britain do?
Germany told Russia to back their troops down and Britain demanded all powers respect Belgium's neutrality.
70
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany's plan of war (developed in 1908) in the event of a two-front war with France and Russia. Plan was to hold Russia off, beat France quickly, and then beat Russia.
71
On August 1, what did Germany do?
Germany (William II) declared war on Russia and they invaded Belgium.
72
When did Germany declare war on France?
August 3
73
When did Britain declare war on Germany and officially begin WWI?
August 4
74
Who made up the Allied Powers and how many soldiers did they have?
The Entente Powers (Britain, France, and Russia) and their colonies had around 40 million troops.
75
Who made up the Central Powers and how many soldiers did they have?
Germany, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire and they had about 21 million troops.
76
How did the public (in all countries) respond to the start of WWI?
They were enthusiastic because they needed some "excitement."
77
Propaganda machines tried to convince people that WWI would be: (3 things).
1. Just
2. Glorious
3. Short (in time)
78
How did governments propagandize the enemy?
They dehumanized them, making it easier to get public support for the war.
79
What was the First Battle of the Marne?
In September 1914, French and British troops stopped the Germans from pushing further into France.
80
What is a "defensive war of attrition?"
A war that is won by outlasting the enemy.
81
Why did WWI become a defensive war of attrition? (3 things)
1. New weapons (smokeless gunpowder, machine guns, artillery, etc.)
2. Poor communication (between leaders and troops)
3. Neither side had a weapon of exploitation
82
What is total war?
War fought for the complete destruction of the enemy in which all possible resources are utilized. Anyone and anything is fair game.
83
What did the Berlin Conferences of 1884 & 1885 do?
Many European nations met and set guidelines for dividing up Africa.
84
What were the two main guidelines of the Berlin Conferences?
In order to claim land in Africa:
1. You must occupy it.
2. You must maintain it.
85
In the 19th century, which country held the MOST territory in Africa (and what was their goal)?
France, and they wanted an empire that spread across Africa, west to east.
86
In the 19th century, what country held the SECOND most territory in Africa (and what was their goal)?
Britain, and they wanted an empire that spread across Africa north to south, to build a railroad from Cairo to Capetown.
87
When and where was Chinese Gordon killed?
In 1885, he was killed in Khartoum, Sudan.
88
Who were the Dervishes?
An Islamic group that opposed foreign occupation of Sudan.
89
Who led the Dervishes until 1885?
Mahdi
90
Who led the Dervishes after the death of Mahdi?
Khalifa
91
Who was Hebert Kitchener?
A British general who was made commander of all British troops in North Africa in 1896.
92
For what purpose was Kitchener sent to Africa?
He was told to march up the Nile River, claiming territory for Britain along the way so that the railroad could be built.
93
What was the Battle of Omdurman?
In 1898, Kitchener (British) fought Khalifa (Dervishes) and wiped them out. Machine guns mowed down waves of Dervishes.
94
After the Battle of Omdurman, what did British scouts do?
They were sent to the south to check out the land. They encountered the French, after which they became allies.
95
Who was the French Foreign Minister and what did he do?
Del Cassey. He convinced the French gov't to give way to the British in Sudan.
96
What was major about the British/French encounter at Fashoda?
It was the last major colonial dispute between France and Britain. From then on, they were allies.
97
Who were the first Europeans to settle in Africa?
The Dutch settled South Africa (Cape Colony) in 1652.
98
Who were the Afrikaners?
White people (primarily Dutch) who had been living in Africa for a long time.
99
What does "Boer" mean?
Dirt farmer.
100
What African territory did the British take and why?
They took Cape Colony because during the Napoleonic Wars, it was easy to do so (as other nations were preoccupied).
101
When was slave TRADE banned in the British Empire and who was a key figure in this?
In 1807. William Wuberforce was a key figure.
102
When was slavery ENTIRELY banned in the British Empire?
1833, and this included Cape Colony.
103
What was the Great Trek?
In 1833, hundreds of thousands of Afrikaners moved out of the British Empire to keep slaves.
104
What were the two new states founded by the Afrikaners from the Great Trek?
Transvaal and Orange Free State.
105
After the establishment of the two states, what happened?
Significant amounts of gold and diamonds were discovered.
106
Who was Paul Kruger?
The President of Transvaal, overall leader of new states.
107
What did Paul Kruger want to do?
He could not allow too many outsiders to come into the new states and wanted to stop them.
108
How did Paul Kruger try to slow the flow of outsiders? (3 things)
1. Denied civil rights
2. Heavy taxes on outsiders
3. Banned English language
109
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
A wealthy man who was the Prime Minister of Cape Colony. He made his fortune in gold and diamonds, so he was interested in Transvaal and Orange Free State.
110
What did Cecil Rhodes want the British gov't to do to the new Afrikaner states?
He wanted the British Empire to conquer these states.
111
What was the Jameson Raid?
In 1895, Leander Starr brought 500 armed men into Transvaal in the hopes of sparking a revolution. They failed. Cecil Rhodes orchestrated the raid.
112
What was Villham II's (Kaiser of Germany) response to the Jameson raid?
He sent letter to Kruger congratulating him for being able to put down Jameson Raid without outside assistance.
113
Who was the Boer War fought by (and when)?
From 1899-1902, the British Empire fought Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
114
How many soldiers did the Afrikaners have during the Boer War?
88,000 combat ready men who used guerrilla warfare.
115
Why could the British not afford to lose the Boer War?
Losing a war was bad for the reputation of an empire.
116
What did Kitchener do to the Afrikaners?
He put them in concentration camps so they could not support the guerrilla groups. Over 20K die in these camps.
117
What was the Treaty of Vereeniging and what did it do? (4 things)
1. It ended the Boer War.
2. Transvaal and Orange Free State became British holdings.
3. Afrikaners swore oath of allegiance to British crown.
4. English became official language of the two states.
118
What did the South Africa Act of 1910 do?
It unified Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal into the Union of South Africa.
119
What did the Union of South Africa Land Act of 1918 do?
It divided the country racially: best lands went to whites, nominal (home) lands went to blacks. Blacks could ONLY live in nominal lands.
120
What is apartheid?
All of the laws that segregated society racially (in South Africa).
121
Of the time frame we have covered, who primarily controlled China?
The Manchus/Ching Dynasty
122
What were the British complaints with China? (4 things)
1. They don't like high tariffs
2. Limited to trade in Canton
3. They could trade only through Co-hong (Chinese merchant organization).
4. They don't like being viewed as inferior.
123
How did opium get into China?
The British smuggled it in from India and traded it for actual goods.
124
What sparked the Opium War of 1839-1842?
In 1839, the Chinese destroyed a British ship containing $6 million of opium.
125
What ended the Opium War?
After a series of skirmishes, the Manchus signed the Treaty of Nan-King.
126
What did the Treaty of Nan-King do? (5 things)
1. British received $21 million indemnity.
2. Tariff was now fixed at 5% (on British goods going into China)
3. China is essentially opened up to British.
4. Extraterritorial rights.
5. Britain received "most favored nation" status.
127
What did "most favored nation" status do?
It gave Britain the best deal in China when conflicting with another nation.
128
What were the extraterritorial rights the British received?
It was the right of a British citizen to be tried in a British court, all while in China.
129
What was significant about the Nan-King treaty?
It was the template that other countries used when dealing with China for the next 100 years.
130
What were the Unequal Treaties?
All of the treaties the Manchus signed with Western nations, which they practically ignored.
131
What was the Tia Ping Rebellion?
From 1850-1864, there was a massive civil war between the Manchus and rebels. 20 million people died.
132
Who led the rebels in the Tia Ping Rebellion?
Hong, who believed he was the younger brother of Jesus.
133
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
From 1899-1900, a war was fought after the Boxers destroyed foreign legations in Peking.
134
What were foreign legations?
Embassies
135
Of the countries whose embassies were attacked by the Boxers, what was their response?
They demanded the Manchus do something about it and they didn't. So they formed a coalition and wiped out the boxers.
136
What is a sphere of influence?
When a country possesses great influence/control over another.
137
What is an open door policy?
Free trade with a country.
138
In 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay wrote letters to other Western nations. What did he say?
In his first letter, Hay told them he agreed to spheres of influence in China, but with equality of trade rights. In his second letter, he thanked them for agreeing to the first letter (which they didn't).
139
From the 7th century to the 19th century, what was Japan's form of government?
Feudalism
140
What was the difference between European and Japanese feudalism?
Terminology
141
What were Daimyos and who was the most powerful?
They were feudal lords and the most powerful was the Shogun.
142
From 1603-1867, which clan made up the Shogun family?
The Tokagawa Clan.
143
What family was the imperial family in Japan?
The Yamato family.
144
Why did Matthew Perry sail into Edo Bay?
In July 1853, Perry did so to "open up" Japan.
145
What did Perry want from Japan?
Refueling ports and trade with Japanese people. He also wanted them to not kill shipwrecked sailors.
146
How did Total War expand women's rights?
As men went overseas to fight the war, women frequently took their old jobs (often manual labor jobs), which represented a big shift from the traditional roles of women.
147
What was the Battle of Verdun?
In February 1916, the Germans attempted for the next 7 months to take Paris. 700,000 people died.
148
What was the Battle of the Somme?
In July 1916, the British wanted to punch a hole in the German line via heavy artillery. For 7 days, they heavily bombed a point in the German line, while Germans hid in dugouts. The British then marched forward and were promptly mowed down by German machine gun fire. 1.2 million deaths.
149
What were 5 things soldiers complained about?
1. Mud
2. Deafening noises
3. Trench foot (from continual exposure to elements)
4. Fear (of snipers, artillery, etc.)
5. Rats/Lice
150
What were 3 problems governments and military officials faced due to the length of WW1?
1. Sympathy for the enemy
2. Disillusionment on the home front and front lines
3. A successful revolution in Russia in 1917 brought Lenin into power.
151
What 3 things did Lenin promise the Russians?
1. Bread
2. Land reform
3. To end the war
152
What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
The treaty between Germany and Russia that ended the eastern front of WW1. Russia gave Germany 1.3 million square miles.
153
What did the USA's "neutrality" during WW1 mean?
It meant they would trade with whomever had money. Neither side of the war looked good or bad at that point, to them.
