second messengers and intracellular signalling lecture materials Flashcards
In intracellular signal transduction what must be sensed by the cell
the presence of extracellular and intracellular ligands
In intracellular signal transduction information must be transmitted into the cell from where?
cell surface receptors
in intracellular signal transduction what must occur so that biological outputs can be generated
information must be spread throughout the interior of the cell via specific intracellular signalling pathways
in intracellular signal transduction why is the information amplified
so that small inputs can yield large changes in output
in intracellular signal transduction, why must the information be processed
to allow feedback control of biological outputs
in intracellular signal transduction why are multiple outputs often integrated?
to achieve a specific biological output
cAMP is only produced in the response to what
GPCR activation
what do phospholipase C enzymes do
hydrolise the phospholipids on the glycerol sides of the phosphate phosphodiester bond forming soluble IP3 and membrane associated diacylglycerol
what are the two forms of phospholipase C
B(beta)isoform
Y(gamma) isoform
what activates the B(beta) isoform
Ga(alpha)g downstream of GPCRs
what activates the y(gamma) isoform
kinase linked receptors
what are 3 examples of intracellular signalling proteins
- adaptor proteins
- scaffolding proteins
- second messengers
what effect does a metabolic enzyme have on a cell
altered metabolism
what effect does the transcription regulatory protein have on a cell
altered gene expression
what effect does cytoskeletal protein have on a cell
altered cell or shape or movement
