Second Partial

Question 1

What is Demography

Answer 1

It’s the science that researches and describes a population, considering not just numbers but also economic, cultural, health, migration, and environmental impacts

Question 2

Key Aspects studied in Demography

Answer 2

• Size: Number of people in a population.
• Composition: Population characteristics (e.g., gender, age).
• Distribution: How people are spread across a territory.
• Births, deaths, and migration are the core demographic factors

Question 3

Carrying Capacity

Answer 3

The maximum population an environment can support

Question 4

Overpopulation

Answer 4

• High density pressure: Too many people for available resources.
• Overuse pressure: Even small populations can stress resources through high consumption

Question 5

Paradox of Population

Answer 5

Some countries encourage population growth due to low birth rates and aging populations, which affect the economy and culture

Question 6

Demographic Transition Model

Answer 6

DTM explains population changed over time as countries develop.

Question 7

DTM Stages

Answer 7

• Stage 1: High birth & death rates (no countries today)
• Stage 2: High birth, declining death rates (e.g., Yemen)
• Stage 3: Declining birth & death rates (many countries)
• Stage 4: Low birth & death rates; possible population decline (e.g., Japan, Germany)

Question 8

Population Pyramid function

Answer 8

Visualize age and sex structure of a population.

Question 9

Population Pyramid types:

Answer 9

• Expansive: High birth/death rates, many youth (developing countries)
• Constrictive: Low birth/death rates, aging population (developed countries)
• Stationary: Balanced age distribution

Question 10

What is Population Dynamics?

Answer 10

Fertility, migration, and mortality determine a country’s growth rate, which can be positive or negative

Question 11

Fertility

Answer 11

• Natural ability to have children.
• Birth Rate: Births per 1,000 people per year.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average children per woman.
  + TFR = 2.1: Stable population
  + TFR < 2.0: Decreasing population
  + TFR > 2.1: Increasing population

Question 12

Migration

Answer 12

Movement of people between countries.
- Immigration: People entering a country (increases population)
- Emigration: People leaving a country (decreases population)
- Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration
+ Migration affects regional, not global, population

Question 13

Mortality

Answer 13

Deaths in a population.
- Death Rate: Deaths per 1,000 people per year.
- Age-specific Mortality Rate: Deaths in specific age groups

Question 14

Population Change Equation

Answer 14

New Population = Initial Population + Births - Deaths + Immigration - Emigration

Question 15

Internal Migration

Answer 15

Moving within the same country (e.g., rural to urban); affects economy/culture but not total population

Question 16

Population Estimates

Answer 16

Based on surveys, censuses, and projections, especially where exact data is unavailable

Question 17

Poverty Definition

Answer 17

The state of lacking a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions; exists when people cannot satisfy their basic needs

Question 18

Poverty Manifestations

Answer 18

• Low-income countries: lack of clean water, safe housing, nutritious food.
• High-income countries: low-wage jobs, dependence on welfare, ownership of goods that would be luxuries elsewhere

Question 19

Absolute Poverty

Answer 19

Lacking access to safe food and water, clothing, shelter, and basic medical care

Question 20

Ways to Describe Poverty

Answer 20

• Objective perspective: Measurable information (e.g., number of people, age, births).
• Subjective perspective: Based on personal experience and circumstances (e.g., security, love, happiness, education)

Question 21

Basic Needs

Answer 21

Fundamental resources and support needed to survive: food, shelter, clothing, plus social/psychological needs like education, healthcare, and social participation

Question 22

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 22

• Physiological: air, water, shelter, food, sleep, clothing, reproduction.
• Safety: personal security, employment, resources, health, property.
• Love and belonging: friendship, intimacy, family, connection.
• Esteem: respect, status, recognition, freedom, self-esteem.
• Self-actualization: desire to become the most one can be

Question 23

Factors Related to Poverty

Answer 23

Politics, infrastructure, natural resources, culture

Question 24

Eradicating Poverty

Answer 24

“End poverty in all its forms everywhere” is a UN Sustainable Development Goal; eradicating poverty is complex and multifaceted

Question 25

Three Pilars of Public Health

Answer 25

- Health Promotion: Empowering individuals and communities to improve health by addressing social and physical determinants. - Health Protection: Using laws and regulations to shield populations from external threats (e.g., environmental hazards, infectious diseases). - Disease Prevention: Reducing disease risk through interventions like screenings, vaccinations, and prophylactic treatments

Question 26

One Health

Answer 26

An integrated, multisectoral approach aiming to balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems, recognizing their interconnection and interdependence

Question 27

Key Principles of One Health

Answer 27

Equity and inclusion across disciplines and sectors. Socioecological equilibrium, emphasizing biodiversity and sustainability. Stewardship for long-term planetary health. Transdisciplinary collaboration involving diverse knowledge and cultures

Question 28

Sustainability & Health

Answer 28

- Planetary/Environmental Health: “Unhealthy environments result in unhealthy people,” highlighting the impact of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution on public health. - Socio-ecological Sustainability: Reducing healthcare’s ecological footprint while ensuring resilience and justice. - Socio-economic Sustainability: Ensuring long-term affordability and accessibility of healthcare, exploring community-driven and preventative models.