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Second year Flashcards

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1
Q

Nerve commonly injured in knee injuries

A

Peroneal nerve

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2
Q

Z thumbing associated with…

A

SLE OMG

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3
Q

Other organs/symptoms affected in sjogrens

A

The sicca syndrome is due to T cell infiltration of lacrimal and salivary glands
Sjogrens may also affect pancreas (malabsorption) and vagina (dyspareunia) and GI tract (oesophagitis, gastritis, constipation)

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4
Q

Conus elasticus

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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5
Q

Pulsatile mass in the neck

A

Carotid aneurysm or carotid body tumour

Diagnosis with doppler ultrasound or subtraction angiogrpahy

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6
Q

Multinodular goitre most commonly associated with which thyroid state?

A

Euthyroid

Mutlinodular almost never malignant

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7
Q

Where do salivary gland stones most commonly occur?

A

The submandibular gland
Intermittent swelling below the jaw
Pain worse on eating but otherwise fine
Stones in the duct may be palpable

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8
Q

Potts disease

A

Crush fracture of the thoracic spine caused by tuberculosis osteoarthritis
This causes a marked spinal flexion deformity

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9
Q

Cause of charcot foot

A

Neuropathy e.g. diabetic neuropathy

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10
Q

How do branchial cysts arise?

A

From incomplete fusion of the branchial arches

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11
Q

Characteristic birefringent cholesterol crystals?

A

Branchial cyst

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12
Q

The thyroid gland migrates from where?

A

The foramen caecum

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13
Q

They classicallu bulge forward in from the middle third of the sternocleidomastoid

A

Branchial cyst

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14
Q

How do follicular cancers spread?

A

Via blood

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15
Q

MEN syndromes are related with which type of cancers?

A

Medullary cancers are associated with MEN

They originate from parafollicular thyroid C cells and secrete calcitonin

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16
Q

Which type of cancers occur in iodine rich areas of the thyroid gland?

A

Papillary cancers mainly occur in the iodine rich areas of the thyroid gland

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17
Q

Which type of arteries affected in polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Medium and small sized arteries, but also veins and vasa nervosa of nerves
Any age group but most commonl aged 30-60

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18
Q

Treatment for PAN

A

Prednisolon and azathioprine

cyclophosphamide in severe

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19
Q

Endocrine conditions causing diabetes

A

Cushings
Acromegaly
Phaeochromocytoma (excess adrenaline)

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20
Q

lol complications of acromegaly

A

acne and greasy skin
galactorrhea
obstructive sleep apnea
cardiac complications incl. fibrosis, hypertrophy

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21
Q

Otorrhea

A

Discharge of ear

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22
Q

Which nerves could cause earache?

A

V, VII, IX, X CN2, CN3

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23
Q

Causes of discharge from ear?

A

acute otitis media
chronic otitis media
CSF (after trauma)

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24
Q

Foramen spinosum transmits what?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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25
How is the middle cranial fossa connected to the PPF?
Via the foramen rotundum
26
How is the middle cranial fossa/foramled lacerum connected to the PPF?
Via the vidian canal
27
How is the orbit connected to the PPF?
Via the INFERIOR orbital fissure
28
How is the nose connected to the PPF?
Via the sphenopalatine foramen
29
How is the mouth connected to the PPF?
Via the greater and lesser palatine canals
30
How is the masticator space connected to the PPF?
Via the pterygomaxillary fissure
31
Muscles in phonation
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
32
Muscles in respiration
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
33
Waldeyers ring of tonsils
Palatine tonsil Adenoid tonsil (pharyngeal) Lingual tonsil
34
Positive Paul-Bunnel test
Glandular fever
35
Campbell de Morgan spots
Cherry red macules that can present on the trunk and limbs | -No treatment is required
36
What is pyoderma gangrenosum associated with?
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's, UC) Rheumatoid arthritis Haematological disorders (e.g. leukaemia)
37
Nail disease is psoriasis
Nail pitting, oncholysis, ridging
38
Herald patch
Pityriasis rosea
39
Conditions predisposig to photosensitivity?
SLE Porphyria (all types except acute intermittent) Pellagra
40
Drugs which can cause exacerbations of psoriasis?
Beta-blockers Antimalarials Lithium Interferons
41
Fluid filled lesion greater than 1cm diameter
Bulla
42
Dried serum, pus or blood
Crust
43
Vascular dilation and inflammation producing a redness to the skin
Erythema
44
Excoriation
Scratch marks, self-induced, often secondary to itching
45
Chronic thickening and increased marking of the skin caused by scratching
Lichenification
46
Macule
Change in colour or texture of the skin, without any change in elevation
47
Nodule
A raised lesion with a rounded surface greater than 1cm in diameter
48
Papule
Solid raised lesion less than 1cm in diameter
49
Plaque
Elevated plateau of the skin, often greater than 1cm
50
Pustule
Pus filled lesion
51
Flakes arising from the stratum corneum
Scale
52
Telangiectasia
Small dilated blood vessel near the skin's surface
53
Vesicle
A fluid-filled lesion less than 1cm diameter
54
A raised compressible area of dermal oedema
Weal
55
Features of arterial ulcers
Occurring in foot or pretibial area, sharply defined, painful, associated with loss of pulses. The surrounding area often has a dusky discolouration and loss of hair
56
Features of neuropathic ulcers
Painless, occurs on sites of trauma and weight bearing (such as heel and metatarsal head), associated with loss of sensation and reflexes, pulses are present
57
Hydrocortisone 1-2.5%
Mild potencies
58
Eumovate
Moderate potencies
59
Betnovate
Potent
60
Dermovate
Very potent
61
Help Every Budding Dermatologist
Hydrocortisone Eumovate Betnovate Dermovates
62
Asteatotic eczema associated with..?
Common in elderly | Associated with diuretic use and hypothyroidism
63
Isotretinoin has anti-inflammatory and sebum reducing properties, it is highly effective at treating acne. Give a possible side effect?
Dry skin and lips Dryness of eyes leading to conjunctivitis Dryness of mucus membranes causing epistaxis Alopecia Myalgia
64
Cardiac causes of clubbing
Infective endocarditis | Cyanotic congenital heart disease
65
Respiratory causes of clubbing
Bronchial cancer, TB, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis
66
GI causes of finger clubbing
IBD< biliary cirrhosis, malabsorption
67
When are osler's nodes seen
Infective endocarditis | SLE
68
Type of psoriasis associated consisting of symmetrical distribution of tear-drop like lesions, mainly occurring on the trunk. This can often follow a streptococcal throat infection
Guttate psoriasis
69
Most common site for plaque psoriasis?
Elbows, knees, scalp and sacrum
70
Dithranol side effects?
Staining of skin and clothes and burning if left on for too long -for this reason it should only be used for 30 mins per day
71
Ingram regime
Dithranol in combination with UVB light
72
What is erythroderma?
A condition which causes the majority (>90%) of the skin surface to become inflamed, erythematous and scaly -psoriasis, eczema, drug reactions, blistering conditions (pemphigus, pemphigoid)
73
Caused by the pox virus
Molluscum contagiosum - caused by pox virus - spread via direct contact
74
Treatment for molluscum contagiosum?
Cryotherapy and imiquimod
75
Impetigo, folliculitis and ecthyma caused by which bacteria?
Staphylococcus
76
Cellulitis, impetigo and necrotising fasciitis caused by which bacteria?
Streptococcus
77
Increased incidence of which carcinomas in dermatomyositis?
Bronchus and ovaries
78
Mycosis fungoides
T-cell lymphoma initially confined to the skin
79
Anti-endomyseal antibody positivity, granular IgA deposits seen on biopsy, and mild anaemia
Dermatitis herpetiformis
80
Most common causes of erythema nodosum (not drugs)
Streptococcal infection, idiopathic and sarcoidosis
81
This characteristic lesion is a shiny, flat-topped, violaceous papule. Histologically there is damage to the basal layer of the epidermis accompanied by an intense infiltration of lymphocytes plus a few histiocyes
Lichen Planus
82
Autoimmune conditions associated with vitiligo?
Diabetes, pernicious anemia, addisons disease, myxedema or thyrotoxicosis
83
Myxedema
Severe hypothyrodisim

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