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Sociology > secondary and other aspects of research > Flashcards

secondary and other aspects of research Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sampling process?

A

way in which we select ppl who will take part in the research

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2
Q

what is the target/ survey population?

A

grp we are interested in researching but no time and money to include everyone

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3
Q

what is a sampling frame?

A

list of all ppl in the target pop, not always avalaible for all topics .eg drug dealers

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4
Q

what is sampling method?

A

the way you select names from sampling frame, e.g random sampling

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5
Q

sample

A

ppl selected to actually do the research

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6
Q

representative

A

reflects the diff grps in the target population

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7
Q

non representative

A

doesnt reflect the diff grps in target pop

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8
Q

what is random sampling
(the start of reprsentative sampling methods)

A

-equal chance of being chosen
-lottery method/computer randomiser

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9
Q

what are advatges of random and disadv

A

ad:
-no bias
-researcher has no infulence
dis:
-not very representative

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10
Q

what is QUASI/SYSTEMATIC?

A

every nth person chosen from the list

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11
Q

adv and disadv of quasi/systematic?

A

ad:
-no bias
disadv:
- not very represenataive, may choose same gender or ages

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12
Q

what is stratified?

A

-sampling frame divided into different smaller frames
-proportions chosen from each one matches target pop
-names chosen at random

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13
Q

diadv and adv of stratified?

A

ad:
-most representaive method
disadv:
-info you need may not be available/accessible

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14
Q

whats quota sampling?

A

-ensure certain grps are in one sample
-decide how many grps you want in each category
-physically go out and approach them

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15
Q

dis and adv of sampling?

A

adv:
-useful way to gather a represetative sample
-used when no sample frame available
dis:
- some bias can occur; approach those who look most friendly

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16
Q

what is snowball sampling?
(non representative methods now)

A

when u have 1 or 2 contacts who can take part then you intorduce to others
- so sample grows

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17
Q

adv and dis of snowball?

A

adv:
-reach other grps easily e.g crimanals
dis:
-not very reprsentative, more likely from a specfic area and baised

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18
Q

what is volunteer sampling?

A

advertise so respondents come forward

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19
Q

adv and dis of volunteer

A

adv:
-useful to gain access to certain individuals
dis:
-may not be very representative, low response rate and paricular grp likely to respond

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20
Q

whats opportunity sampling?

A

ask certain individuals e.g homeless go toa homeless shelter

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21
Q

adv and dis of opportunity

A

adv:
-guarenteed to find specfic indivualds
dis:
- respondents only from one place. not very reprsentative

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22
Q

Secondary methods:
What are stattisitcs and examples?

A

Statistcs can be official (gov) or non official
exmaples:
-census
-sucicide rates
-crime
-unemployment
(quantatative)

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23
Q

what is content analysis and examples?

A

content analysis is quantative analysis of media content
exmaple:
-internet
-videogames
-films and DVDS

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24
Q

what are documents and exmaples?

A

documents are qualitative analysis of piblished documents
exmaples:
-public= gov reports
-hsitorical= parish, census data
-personal= diaries and letters

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25
Q

what are official statistics?

A

quantative data gathered by gov and published

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26
Q

what are non official statistics?

A

quantitative data published by organisations other than government e.g charities

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27
Q

two ways official statistics can be collected?

A

-numerical data
- birth certificates, crime registration
-official surveys- census and crime surveys

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28
Q

difference between hard and soft statistics?

A

hard- liekly to be high degree accuracy e.f birth rates and registration/census
soft-open to interpretation - crime and religious attendance e.g crime statisitcs - less valid

29
Q

exmaples of diff type of official statistics

A

birth rate, crime, income, education, exam results, immigration etc…

30
Q

what is the census

A

snapshot overview of the overall popualtion every 10 yrs, for england and wales, gov survey

31
Q

what are the advantages of this survey?

A

-high reprsentativeness - legal requirment or fined
-useful comparisons w previous data

32
Q

what are the disadvanatages?

A
  • doesnt go to everyone e.g homelesss, prisoners, uni accomadations
33
Q

official crime statisitcs:
whats reflected
and whats not included

A

-crimes reflected are the ones reported to police
-dark figure crimes- not reported e.g minor theft
and includes serious crime e.g DV. rape, blackmail
-crimes a vicitim may be emabrassed to say e.g hate crime

34
Q

imapct of data in the official crime statisicts?

A

-unrelaible not everything reported
-not a full and accuarte picture

35
Q

other reasons why crime isnt included in OCS?

A

-not trust police
-danger if they report a crime

36
Q

how might policing or gov policies affect OCS?

A

-negative RS between police and society
-not enough funding for police to investigate all crimes
- if a certain crime looks to be increasing it may be more reported now

37
Q

what is CSEW?

A
  • Asks people crimes theyve been a victim of in the past year
    -crime survey for england and wales
38
Q

in what ways is CSEW more or less valid than OCS?

A
  • include crimes that havent been reported
    -HOWEVER, doesnt include crimes where theres no victim, sex crimes or cyber crimes
39
Q

official statistics- theoretical adv

A

-positivsts favour- identify correlations
-easy to comapre and high reliablity
-standardised procedures
-gov can ensure its a legal requirement to submit data e.g births or census

40
Q

official statistics- theoretical dis

A

-interprevists say no in depth picture
-lack validity- not all relevant info e.g crime statisitcs hides dark figure crime

41
Q

official statistics- ethical adv & dis

A

-none bc u arent carrying out the research on ppl

42
Q

official statistics- practical adv

A

-large sample size - more reprsentative as gov has alot of money
-annual statisitcs- patterns and trends shown overtime

43
Q

official statistics- practical dis

A

-info missing= if data collected for diff purpose
-gov operationalise terms in diff way to sociologist
-errors made when data recorded

44
Q

what are public documents? and example

A

accurate and reflect facts on society, qualitative, insight
example= gov report

45
Q

personal documents? and example

A

individuals explore their own thoughts and feelings= historical or contemporary
example= diaries and letters

46
Q

historical documents? and example

A

primary sources around the time of event your studying
example= parish records, census and school inspection report

47
Q

public document adv & dis

A

adv=
-sufficent amount of these can create a statistical database
dis=
-none

48
Q

personal documents adv

A

adv=
-rich qualitative and high validity
-ecologically valid- window into particippants
-diaries are in natural env
-diaries are alternaitve to interviews which can be hard to recall
-diaries stop travelling long distance
-may reflect useful and untypical topics

49
Q

personal documents dis

A

-individual chooses what they want to include so biased and hard to generalise
-questions validity some may not be honest
-operationalisation of terms may be different to the researcher

50
Q

historical records adv and dis

A

adv=
-may be the only source of info ab a certain establishment
dis=
-cant check accuracy if author is dead
-hard to check imambiguites if author is uncontactable

51
Q

what is content analysis?

A

analysing media content to produce quantative data
-devise categories
-count number of times you see things which fill each category

52
Q

problems w content analysis?

A

-confusion on what fits each category
-not everything can fit certain categories
-disagree on what goes into certain categories

53
Q

Practical adv and dis of CA?

A

adv practical:
-its cheap
- easy to access media content

dis practical:
-may not clealry fit categories
-time consuming

54
Q

theortical adv and dis of CA?

A

adv theoritical:
-positivists say it provides quantative data- look at patterns and trends

dis theoritical:
-interprevists argue u get a deep understanding, doesnt reveal why grp presented in such ways
-subjective (interpret differently), reduce validity and reliablity

ethical adv:
-doesnt involve individuals

55
Q

example of content analysis?

A

-tuchman= she looked at the way women are protrayed in TV programmes and counted up the number of times they were shown in certain roles

56
Q

longitudinal research advantages & disadvantages?

A

adv:
-identify changes overtime
-build picture and understanding
-increase validity, avoid problems not remembering past events

dis:
-people drop out
-change behavior if they know they are part of the study
-its expensive

57
Q

what are case studies?

A

detailed and in depth study of one or more people which can use any method but usually qualitative.

58
Q

what are life histories?

A

these look at one exmaple and use primary methods such as in depth interviews and secondary methods e.g personal documents to gain deep understanding

59
Q

case studies & life histories adv

A

-give a more in depth understanding than youd get from any other method
-generate info that can be used as starting point for further research

60
Q

case studies & life histories dis

A

-not reprsentative - cant generalise findings
-pose ethical issues- invasion of privacy

61
Q

whats triangulation?

A

-qualitative and quantitative method together

62
Q

adv of triangulation?

A

-favoured by realists
-research reliable and valid

63
Q

disadv of triangulation?

A

-time consuming and expensive

64
Q

whats methodlogical pularism?

A

when you use only two methods together

65
Q

methodlogical pularism advantages?

A

-better insight provided
-increase valdity by comparing findings from each method

66
Q

methodlogical pularism disadv?

A

-time consuming and expensive

67
Q

what does authenticity mean?

A

-is the document complete?
-is there any erros ?
- is the author who they say they are?

68
Q

what does crediblity mean?

A

-is the document believable?
-is it biased in any way?

69
Q

what does ‘meaning’ mean?

A

-meaning of text interpreted correctly?
-has it been translated?
-is it from a different time?

Sociology (18 decks)

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