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INTERGRATED PHYSICAL SCIENCES > SECTION 1 > Flashcards

SECTION 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the attributes of science?

A

Studies the natural world, ideas that can be tested, relies on data, presented for evaluation to others, leads to further research

These are characteristics of science.

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3
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

An experiment designed to find out how changing one thing causes something else to change

Example: Testing how quickly different soil types absorb water.

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4
Q

What are variables in an experiment?

A

The changing quantities in an experiment

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5
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that is changed by the experimenter

Example: Soil in an experiment testing water absorption.

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6
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable that changes because of the independent variable

Example: Water absorption in the soil experiment.

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7
Q

What is a control variable?

A

The variable that scientists do not wish to study and must be kept constant

Example: Amount of soil and water in an experiment.

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8
Q

What are observational studies?

A

Experiments where systems are observed as they appear in nature without attempting to change them

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9
Q

What are field studies?

A

Observational studies conducted outside a laboratory setting

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10
Q

What are laboratory studies?

A

Experiments that take place in a highly controlled, artificial setting

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11
Q

Why are scientific models necessary?

A

They help understand things that cannot be directly observed because they are too small, inaccessible, or far away

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12
Q

What is a physical model?

A

A model that represents a real object or phenomenon, usually on a smaller scale

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13
Q

What is a conceptual model?

A

A model used to visualize things that cannot be seen, such as atoms

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14
Q

What is a mathematical model?

A

A model that describes physical objects or phenomena using mathematical methods

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15
Q

What is a computer model?

A

A model that uses computers to explain and predict complex systems, such as weather patterns and the movements of objects in the solar system

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16
Q

What is direct proportionality?

A

A mathematical relationship between two variables whose ratio remains constant as their numerical values change

Synonymous with positive correlation

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17
Q

What is inverse proportionality?

A

A mathematical relationship between variables in which an increase in the value of one causes a decrease in the value of the other

Synonymous with negative correlation

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18
Q

What does ‘no correlation’ mean?

A

A lack of relationship between variables on a graph; a change in one value does not affect the other

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19
Q

What is a proportionality constant?

A

A parameter that quantifies the relative changes in variables that are directly or inversely proportional

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20
Q

What is the origin of a plot?

A

The point on a graph where the value of both x and y axes are zero

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21
Q

What is a scatterplot?

A

A type of graph comparing two variables as data points in Cartesian, x-y coordinates

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22
Q

What does the phrase ‘correlation does not imply causation’ mean?

A

Variables can be correlated without a direct causal relationship

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ compares the values of two variables expressed as a fraction.

A

ratio

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24
Q

What is the basis of the Metric System?

A

Units of 10’s

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25
What are the 5 base units of the Metric System?
* meter (m) * gram (g) * liter (l) * second (s) * kelvin (K)
26
What are Derived Units in the Metric System?
Formulations of base units to create quantities such as acceleration, density, force, and speed
27
What is the base unit for length?
meter
28
What is the base unit for mass?
kilogram
29
What is the base unit for time?
second
30
What is the base unit for temperature?
kelvin
31
What is the base unit for electric current?
ampere
32
What is the base unit for the amount of substance?
mole
33
What is the base unit for photometry?
candela
34
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'mega'?
1,000,000 (M)
35
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'kilo'?
1,000 (k)
36
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'deci'?
0.1 (d)
37
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'centi'?
0.01 (c)
38
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'milli'?
0.001 (m)
39
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'micro'?
0.000001 (μ)
40
What is the multiplier for the prefix 'nano'?
0.000000001 (n)
41
What is the unit for speed?
meter per second
42
What is the unit for area?
square meter
43
What is the unit for volume?
cubic meter
44
What is the unit for density?
kilograms per cubic meter
45
Density depends on what?
The material itself, not on the object's size or mass
46
What is molar mass?
A derived unit specifying grams of a substance per mole of that substance
47
What are molar units?
The number of moles of a particular particle or molecule in one liter of another substance
48
Speed is defined as _______.
[the distance traveled per time interval]
49
What is volume?
The amount of space an object occupies
50
What is velocity?
An object's speed and direction
51
What is acceleration?
A change in an object's velocity
52
What is force?
A push or pull, also defined by size/magnitude
53
What is net force?
The total amount of force an object is receiving and its direction
54
What are balanced forces?
Forces that combine to produce a net force of zero
55
What is zero net force?
There is no net force and therefore no acceleration
56
What is non-zero net force?
There is a net force, so acceleration is possible
57
What is a testable statement?
A statement that can be proven true or false
58
Give an example of a testable statement.
All rocks fall when dropped
59
What is a hypothesis?
A testable statement about how something in nature works
60
Define a law in scientific terms.
A concise statement supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments that describes a widespread pattern in nature
61
What is a theory?
A statement that explains a wide range of observations supported by a large body of scientific evidence
62
State Newton's first law.
The net force on an object is the cause of its acceleration
63
What is the Law of Inertia?
Moving objects don’t spontaneously speed up, slow down, and change direction
64
What does inertia refer to?
The tendency to keep the same motion, to remain at rest, or to maintain the same velocity
65
What is the relationship between mass and inertia?
The observation of inertia helps determine which object has more mass
66
State Newton's second law.
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied
67
What is the formula for Newton's second law?
Force = Mass x Acceleration
68
What is Newton's third law?
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of the same magnitude in the opposite direction on the first object
69
What does Newton's third law imply?
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
70
How does the action of pedaling a bike relate to Newton's second law?
The amount of force applied into the pedal affects the acceleration of the bike
71
Fill in the blank: The tendency to keep the same motion is known as _______.
Inertia
72
True or False: A theory is less supported by evidence than a law.
False
73
What is friction?
The force that opposes the motion of an object on which it acts ## Footnote Friction works against Newton's 1st law and can cause heat by rubbing at the molecular level.
74
What are two examples of friction?
* Water resistance * Air resistance ## Footnote Scraping your knee on the ground is also an example of friction.
75
What type of friction is at work when the speed is zero?
Static friction ## Footnote An example is when a fridge won't move.
76
What type of friction is in effect when the speed is anything other than zero?
Kinetic friction ## Footnote An example is sanding a piece of wood.
77
How does friction assist in moving a car forward?
As the car wheels rotate, they push the road backward, and the road pushes the wheels forward ## Footnote This is in accordance with Newton's third law.
78
Define gravity.
An attractive force that acts to pull objects closer to each other ## Footnote Gravity depends on the masses of the interacting objects.
79
What factors affect the strength of gravitational force?
* Masses of the interacting objects * Distance between the objects ## Footnote Greater masses result in greater gravitational force.
80
What happens to gravitational force if the distance between two objects doubles?
The gravitational force becomes one-fourth of what it was ## Footnote Changes in distance have a greater effect on gravitational force than changes in mass.
81
How do gravity and friction work together when walking or running?
Gravity keeps your feet on the ground, and friction gives you the traction to move forward ## Footnote Both forces are essential for movement.
82
True or False: The gravitational force increases as the distance between two objects decreases.
True ## Footnote Closer objects exert a stronger gravitational pull.
83
Fill in the blank: Friction is the force that _______ the motion of an object on which it acts.
opposes ## Footnote This is a fundamental concept in physics.
84
What is linear momentum?
The mass of an object times its velocity ## Footnote Linear momentum is a vector quantity that describes the motion of an object.
85
What happens to the force required to stop an object as its momentum increases?
The more momentum an object has, the more force it takes to stop it ## Footnote This relationship is crucial in understanding motion and collisions.
86
What does the law of conservation of momentum state?
Momentum is conserved when two or more objects collide ## Footnote This means the total momentum before a collision equals the total momentum after the collision.
87
What occurs to momentum during a collision between objects?
Momentum may be transferred from one object to another, but the total momentum within the group of objects will stay the same ## Footnote This principle applies in all types of collisions.
88
What is an elastic collision?
A collision where the total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved ## Footnote An example is a fully inflated beach ball bouncing off a surface.
89
What is an inelastic collision?
A collision where the total momentum is conserved but the total kinetic energy is not conserved ## Footnote An example is a deflated beach ball that doesn’t bounce.
90
What happens to the total energy in an inelastic collision?
The total energy is still conserved; kinetic energy lost is dispersed ## Footnote This dispersed energy can deform objects and produce heat or sound.
91
Fill in the blank: The final velocity of each ball in a collision depends on the ball's initial velocity, the angle of the collision, and the initial velocity of the ball with which it _______.
[collides] ## Footnote This highlights the complexity of interactions during collisions.
92
True or False: In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy simply disappears.
False ## Footnote Kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy, such as heat or sound.

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